Advances in anti-cancer immunotherapy: car-T cell, checkpoint inhibitors, dendritic cell vaccines, and oncolytic viruses, and emerging cellular and molecular targets

Unlike traditional cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy that are typically non-specific, cancer immunotherapy harnesses the high specificity of a patient’s own immune system to selectively kill cancer cells. The immune system is the body’s main cancer surveillance system, but cancers may evade destruction thanks to various immune-suppressing mechanisms. We therefore need to deploy various immunotherapy-based strategies to help bolster the anti-tumour immune responses. These include engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) to specifically recognise tumour neoantigens, inactivating immune checkpoints, oncolytic viruses and dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, which have all shown clinical benefit in certain cancers. However, treatment efficacy remains poor due to drug-induced adverse events and immunosuppressive tendencies of the tumour microenvironment. Recent preclinical studies have unveiled novel therapies such as anti-cathepsin antibodies, galectin-1 blockade and anti-OX40 agonistic antibodies, which may be utilised as adjuvant therapies to modulate the tumour microenvironment and permit more ferocious anti-tumour immune response

O conceito de hegemonia: de Gramsci a Laclau e Mouffe The hegemony's concept: from Gramsci to Laclau and Mouffe

O artigo tem por objetivo discutir a noção de hegemonia nos pensamentos de Antônio Gramsci e de Ernesto Laclau e Chantal Mouffe, assinalando as semelhanças e as diferenças entre as duas perspectivas. O conceito de hegemonia surge no seio da tradição marxista como resposta às novas configurações sociais. Apesar de ter suas origens na social-democracia russa e de estar presente no pensamento de Lênin, esse conceito foi desenvolvido de modo mais elaborado por Gramsci. Nas últimas décadas, Laclau e Mouffe desenvolveram uma nova abordagem de hegemonia para pensar a configuração social do capitalismo tardio observar como se desenvolvem as disputas hegemônicas nesse novo espaço social.<br>The article aims to discuss the notion of hegemony in the thought of Antonio Gramsci and of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, pointing out the similarities and differences between both perspectives. The concept of hegemony arises within the Marxist tradition as a response to the new social configurations and was better developed by Gramsci. In the last decades, Laclau and Mouffe developed a new approach of hegemony, in which they expand the gramscian notion for thinking the social configuration of late capitalism and for observing how the hegemonics struggles grow in the new social space

Improved sensitivity of the rapid screen of mild traumatic brain injury

This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in an emergency department sample. A total of 246 (186 male, 60 female) cases of mTBI and 102 (65 male and 37 female) cases of orthopedic injuries were tested within 24 hours of injury. Mild TBI patients performed more poorly on all subtests of the Rapid Screen of Concussion (RSC) and completed fewer symbols on Digit Symbol than did orthopedic controls. RSC scores predicted group membership better than chance, and Digit Symbol scores contributed significantly to predicting group membership over and above the contribution of the RSC, resulting in 70.4% sensitivity and 74% specificity for the extended protocol. The results of this study indicate that learning and memory, orientation, and speed of information processing are impaired immediately following mTBI. Furthermore, a brief battery of tests that include word recall, orientation, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test could assess the severity of dysfunction following mTBI, and assist in clinical decision making regarding discharge, return to routine activities, and management of the effects of injury. © 2009 Psychology Press