On the filtration of a free algebra by its associative lower central series

This paper concerns the associative lower central series ideals $M_i$ of the free algebra $A_n$ on $n$ generators. Namely, we study the successive quotients $N_i=M_i/M_{i+1}$, which admit an action of the Lie algebra $W_n$ of vector fields on $\Bbb C^n$. We bound the degree $|\lambda|$ of tensor field modules $F_\lambda$ appearing in the Jordan-H\"older series of each $N_i$, confirming a recent conjecture of Arbesfeld and Jordan. As an application, we compute these decompositions for small $n$ and $i$

A chemoselective and continuous synthesis of m-sulfamoylbenzamide analogues

For the synthesis of m-sulfamoylbenzamide analogues, small molecules which are known for their bioactivity, a chemoselective procedure has been developed starting from m-(chlorosulfonyl) benzoyl chloride. Although a chemoselective process in batch was already reported, a continuous-flow process reveals an increased selectivity at higher temperatures and without catalysts. In total, 15 analogues were synthesized, using similar conditions, with yields ranging between 65 and 99%. This is the first automated and chemoselective synthesis of m- sulfamoylbenzamide analogues

The ROS wheel: refining ROS transcriptional footprints

In the last decade, microarray studies have delivered extensive inventories of transcriptome-wide changes in messenger RNA levels provoked by various types of oxidative stress in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Previous cross-study comparisons indicated how different types of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their subcellular accumulation sites are able to reshape the transcriptome in specific manners. However, these analyses often employed simplistic statistical frameworks that are not compatible with large-scale analyses. Here, we reanalyzed a total of 79 Affymetrix ATH1 microarray studies of redox homeostasis perturbation experiments. To create hierarchy in such a high number of transcriptomic data sets, all transcriptional profiles were clustered on the overlap extent of their differentially expressed transcripts. Subsequently, meta-analysis determined a single magnitude of differential expression across studies and identified common transcriptional footprints per cluster. The resulting transcriptional footprints revealed the regulation of various metabolic pathways and gene families. The RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG F-mediated respiratory burst had a major impact and was a converging point among several studies. Conversely, the timing of the oxidative stress response was a determining factor in shaping different transcriptome footprints. Our study emphasizes the need to interpret transcriptomic data sets in a systematic context, where initial, specific stress triggers can converge to common, aspecific transcriptional changes. We believe that these refined transcriptional footprints provide a valuable resource for assessing the involvement of ROS in biological processes in plants

Role Of Health Inspectors In Preventing Drug Use In Schools

Проучванията показват, че българските ученици са на едно от първите места в Европа по употреба на наркотични вещества.Целите на настоящото изследване са, чрез проучване мнението на учащите, да се характеризира моментното състояние на употребата на наркотици в училище, превантивните дейности и ролята на здравните инспектори в тази област.Проведено е нестандартизирано индивидуално интервю на ученици от 8-12 кл. от няколко града в страната. Близо 75% са били свидетели на употреба на наркотици в района на своето училище. Според около 37% от интервюираните учителите не предприемат нищо, дори и да констатират употреба на вещества или интервенциите са предимно санкциониращи. Проблемът се поставя на обсъждане най-често веднъж годишно, в рамките на дейностите по универсална превенция, без участието на специалистите от РЗИ и без ангажиране на родителите. Предложенията на учениците за по-интерактивни интервенции провокират нови възможности за ангажиране на инспекторите по обществено здраве в процеса.Studies show that Bulgarian pupils are among the first in Europe to use narcotic substances.The objectives of the present study are, by studying pupils' opinion, to characterize the current state of drug use in school, preventive activities and the role of health inspectors in this field.A non-standardized individual interview of pupils from grades 8-12 from several towns in the country was conducted. Nearly 75% have witnessed drug use in the vicinity of their school. According to about 37% of the interviewed the teachers do nothing, even if they establish the use of substances or the interventions are mostly sanctioning. The issue is placed on discussion most often once a year, within the scope of the universal prevention activities, without the participation of RHI specialists and without involvement of the parents. Students' suggestions for more interactive interventions provoke new opportunities for engaging public health inspectors in the process

Learning to breathe: developmental phase transitions in oxygen status

Plants are developmentally disposed to considerable changes in oxygen availability, yet our understanding of the importance of hypoxia is almost entirely limited to stress biology. Differential patterns of the abundance of oxygen, nitric oxide (.NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and redox potential occur in organs and meristems, and examples are emerging in the literature of mechanistic relationships of these to development. Here, we describe the convergence of these cues in meristematic and reproductive tissues, and discuss the evidence for regulated hypoxic niches, within which oxygen-, ROS-, .NO- and redox-dependent signalling curate developmental transitions in plants

Integrated Proteomic and Metabolomic Profiling of Phytophthora cinnamomi Attack on Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) Reveals Distinct Molecular Reprogramming Proximal to the Infection Site and Away from It

Phytophthora cinnamomi is one of the most invasive tree pathogens that devastates wild and cultivated forests. Due to its wide host range, knowledge of the infection process at the molecular level is lacking for most of its tree hosts. To expand the repertoire of studied Phytophthora-woody plant interactions and identify molecular mechanisms that can facilitate discovery of novel ways to control its spread and damaging effects, we focused on the interaction between P. cinnamomi and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), an economically important tree for the wood processing industry. By using a combination of proteomics, metabolomics, and targeted hormonal analysis, we mapped the effects of P. cinnamomi attack on stem tissues immediately bordering the infection site and away from it. P. cinnamomi led to a massive reprogramming of the chestnut proteome and accumulation of the stress-related hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), indicating that stem inoculation can be used as an easily accessible model system to identify novel molecular players in P. cinnamomi pathogenicity.O

Molecular priming as an approach to induce tolerance against abiotic and oxidative stresses in crop plants

Abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, extreme temperature, and pollutants, are the main cause of crop losses worldwide. Novel climate-adapted crops and stress tolerance-enhancing compounds are needed increasingly to counteract the negative effects of unfavorable stressful environments. A number of natural products and synthetic chemicals can protect model and crop plants against abiotic stresses through the ectopic induction of molecular and physiological defense mechanisms, a process known as molecular priming. In addition to their stress-protective effect, some of these compounds can also stimulate plant growth. Here, we provide an overview of the known physiological and molecular mechanisms behind the compounds that induce molecular priming, together with a survey of approaches to discover and functionally study new stress-alleviating chemicals