Epitaxial electrodeposition of metal oxide films and superlattices which exhibit resistance switching

This dissertation presents an investigation of the electrodeposition of metal oxide films and superlattices on conducting polycrystalline and single crystal substrates. In the first part of the study, electrodeposition of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) films and superlattices in the magnetite/zinc ferrite system which exhibit resistance switching is studied. Paper I reports the electrodeposition of superlattices in the magnetite/zinc ferrite system and shows that only superlattices exhibit multistate resistance switching. In paper II, simple polycrystalline magnetite films electrodeposited on stainless steel crystals exhibit multistate resistance switching which can be tuned by controlling the composition of the films. Paper II describes the epitaxial electrodeposition of Fe₃O₄ films on Ni(111) substrates. In the second part, electrodeposited epitaxial films of CuO onto achiral Cu single crystals using chiral precursors are studied. Paper IV describes chiral electrodeposition of CuO from copper(II) complexes of malic acid on Cu single crystals. X-ray pole figures in conjunction with stereographic projections are used to determine the absolute configuration of the films. X-ray crystal structures of copper(II) malate crystals are analyzed to understand the mechanisms of chiral electrodeposition --Abstract, page iv

A POLÍTICA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS GLOBAIS NA ÍNDIA

Os direitos humanos globais transmitiram significados diferentes no tempo, através das várias formas de mobilização por grupos sociais. A resposta do Estado indiano aos protestos militantes tem atraído especial atenção a partir do discurso global de “guerra ao terror”, que, por sua vez, tem justificado o “terror de Estado” e as violações dos direitos humanos, ressignificando o princípio do Estado de Direito a partir da justificativa de manutenção da lei e da ordem. Neste trabalho, são discutidos elementos justificadores da relação existente entre a política de “guerra contra o terror” norte-americana e o recrudescimento dos direitos civis e políticos na Índia.Palavras-chave: Direitos humanos globais, guerra ao terror, Índia.THE GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS POLICY IN INDIAAbstract: The global human rights conveyed different meanings over time, through various forms of mobilization by social groups. The Indian State's response to the protests Indian militants has attracted special attention from the global discourse of "war on terror", which, in turn, has justified the "state terror" and violations of human rights, giving new meaning to theprinciple of State of Law from the justification of maintaining law and order. In this paper, we discuss justifiers’ elements of the relationship between the current "war on terror" policy in the United States and the resurgence of civil and political rights in India.Keywords: Global human rights, war on terror, Indi

Bodily rights and collective claims: the work of legal activists in interpreting reproductive and maternal rights in India

This article engages with anthropological approaches to the study of global human rights discourses around reproductive and maternal health in India. Whether couched in the language of human rights or of other social justice frameworks, different forms of claims-making in India exist in tandem and correspond to particular traditions of activism and struggle. Universal reproductive rights language remains a discourse aimed at the state in India, where the primary purpose is to demand greater accountability in the domain of policy and governance. Outside of these spheres, other languages are strategically chosen by activists for their greater resonance in addressing individual cases of women claiming reproductive violence within the context of the family as well as localized histories of feminist struggle and social justice. In focusing on the work of legal activists and the discourses which inform their interventions, this article seeks to understand how the language of reproductive rights is used in the context of India, not as a `Western import' which is adapted to local contexts, but rather as one of multiple frameworks of claims-making drawn upon by legal activists emerging from distinct histories of struggle for gender equality and social justice

Epitaxial Electrodeposition of Metal Oxide Thin Films and Superlattices for Energy Conversion and Storage

Track IV: Materials for Energy ApplicationsIncludes audio file (21 min.)Electrodeposition, like biomineralization, is a soft solution processing method in which inorganic materials are produced from solution precursors. The technique provides degrees of freedom that are not accessible to UHV deposition methods. The shape, orientation, and even chirality can be controlled through solution additives, pH, and electrode potential. Our emphasis is on producing epitaxial nanostructures of metal oxide semiconductors such as ZnO and Cu2O, magnetic materials such as Fe3O4, and battery materials such as LiMnO2. These materials are being produced for both the conversion and storage of energy. Cu2O is produced for photovoltaic devices and ZnO is produced for both photovoltaic devices and solid state lighting. Because the ZnO deposits as nanowires, electron-hole recombination can be minimized. We have recently found that ZnO can be epitaxially grown on single-crystal Si(111). In addition to exciton PL emission from the ZnO, there is also strong green emission due to native defects. Fe3O4 is being produced as thin films and superlattices for spintronic devices. Nanoribbons of LiMnO2 are deposited for use in high capacity lithium batteries. This material is presently used in Li batteries, but it is made by traditional powder metallurgy methods. The electrodeposition of nanostructured cathodes of this material could prove to be a major breakthrough in the lithium battery field

Antinomies of Political Society: Implications of Uncivil Development

The inter -relation between the state, civil society and more recently political society, notwithstanding the differences over what constitutes each of these domains, has emerged as the single most significant area of study for understanding the process of democratization. Civil society has long been projected and trusted, post-East European debacle, as an all-encompassing panacea for most of the problems plaguing developing societies. It is a political imaginary that is carved out to stand for various values, actively pursued through varied institutions. Civil society has become a kind of aspirational shorthand for ideas and values of equity, increasing participation, public fairness, individual rights, tolerance, trust, legality, cooperation and informed citizenry (C.M.Elliot, 2 003). These ideals are fostered and protected by voluntary associative activity independent or outside of the state.Understanding the Context Nature of Industrialisation and Capital Problem of Pollution and Social Cost Methodology of the Present Study Political Society - Collective or interest-based? Political Society and the Decaying Community Bibliograph

Tilted Epitaxial ZnO Nanospears on Si(001) by Chemical Bath Deposition

We show that epitaxial ZnO nanospears can be deposited onto degenerate p-type Si(001) from an alkaline supersaturated solution of Zn(II) at 70 °C using chemical bath deposition. The lattice mismatch between the hexagonal ZnO and-diamond cubic Si is reduced from -40.16% for an un-tilted structure to -0.25% in the ZnO[1210] direction and -0.99% in ZnO[2576] direction by tilting the nanospears 51° relative to the surface normal. The tilted nanostructure brings the (2023) planes of ZnO into coincidence with the (001) planes of Si. © 2009 American Chemical Society

Room-temperature Electrochemical Reduction of Epitaxial Magnetite Films to Epitaxial Iron Films

The electrochemical reduction of oxides to metals has been studied for decades. Earlier work produced polycrystalline bulk metals. Here, we report that pre-electrodeposited epitaxial face-centered cubic magnetite thin films can be electrochemically reduced to epitaxial body-centered cubic iron thin films in aqueous solution on single-crystalline gold substrates at room temperature. This technique opens new possibilities to produce special epitaxial metal/metal oxide heterojunctions and a wide range of epitaxial metallic alloy films from the corresponding mixed metal oxides. © 2011 American Chemical Society

Epitaxial Electrodeposition of Tin(II) Sulfide Nanodisks on Single-crystal Au(100)

Epitaxial nanodisks of tin(II) sulfide (SnS) are deposited electrochemically on a [100]-oriented single-crystal Au substrate from an acidic solution at 70 °C. The SnS grows with two different out-of-plane orientations of [100] and [301], which each have four equivalent in-plane orientations. X-ray pole figures reveal the following epitaxial relationships: SnS(100)[010]//Au(100)[010], SnS(100)[010]//Au(100)[01̅0], SnS(100)[010]//Au(100)[001], SnS(100)[010]//Au(100)[001̅], SnS(301)[010]//Au(100)[010], SnS(301)[010]//Au(100)[01̅0], SnS(301)[010]//Au(100)[001], and SnS(301)[010]//Au(100)[001̅]. For the SnS[100] orientation, the in-plane mismatch is −2.4% in the [010] direction and 6.1% in the [001] direction. For the [301] orientation, the in-plane mismatch is −2.4% in the [010] direction and alternates between 3.4% and 6.7% in the [103̅] direction. The SnS deposits with a disklike morphology with a diameter of 300 nm and a thickness of 50 nm