924 research outputs found

    Combined surface acoustic wave and surface plasmon resonance measurement of collagen and fibrinogen layers

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    We use an instrument combining optical (surface plasmon resonance) and acoustic (Love mode acoustic wave device) real-time measurements on a same surface for the identification of water content in collagen and fibrinogen protein layers. After calibration of the surface acoustic wave device sensitivity by copper electrodeposition, the bound mass and its physical properties -- density and optical index -- are extracted from the complementary measurement techniques and lead to thickness and water ratio values compatible with the observed signal shifts. Such results are especially usefully for protein layers with a high water content as shown here for collagen on an hydrophobic surface. We obtain the following results: collagen layers include 70+/-20 % water and are 16+/-3 to 19+/-3 nm thick for bulk concentrations ranging from 30 to 300 ug/ml. Fibrinogen layers include 50+/-10 % water for layer thicknesses in the 6+/-1.5 to 13+/-2 nm range when the bulk concentration is in the 46 to 460 ug/ml range.Comment: 50 pages, 8 figures, 1 tabl

    Reizdarmsyndrom

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    Zusammenfassung: Das Reizdarmsyndrom (engl. "irritable bowel syndrome", IBS) ist ein gastrointestinales Krankheitsbild, welches durch chronische Bauchschmerzen oder Unwohlsein und StuhlunregelmĂ€ĂŸigkeiten ohne den Nachweis einer organischen Ursache charakterisiert ist. Erst vor kurzem wurden die Rom-Kriterien, eine Klassifikation der funktionellen gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen, auch fĂŒr das Kindes- und Jugendalter angepasst. Die PrĂ€valenz des IBS liegt ungefĂ€hr zwischen 5 und 15%. Nur etwa 10-30% der Betroffenen beanspruchen Ă€rztliche Hilfe. Beim Fehlen von Alarmsymptomen und chronischer Diarrhö ist die DurchfĂŒhrung einer Basisdiagnostik ausreichend. Ätiologie und Pathogenese sind unklar. Eine MotilitĂ€tsstörung und eine viszerale HypersensitivitĂ€t spielen möglicherweise neben anderen Faktoren eine Rolle. Die Therapie ist symptomatisch und muss dem einzelnen Patienten angepasst erfolge

    Passive Cooperative Targets for Subsurface Physical and Chemical Measurements: A Systems Perspective

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    International audienceWe investigate the use of a commercially available ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for probing the response of subsurface sensors designed as passive cooperative targets. Such sensors must meet two design criteria: introduce a signature unique to the sensor which will hence be differentiated from clutter, and introduce in this signature a response characteristic allowing for recovering the physical quantity under investigation. Using piezoelectric substrates for converting the incoming electromagnetic pulse to an acoustic wave confined to the sensor surface (surface acoustic wave transducer) allows for shrinking the sensor dimensions while providing sensing capability through the piezoelectric substrate acoustic wave velocity dependence with the physical quantity under investigation. Two broad ranges of sensing mechanisms are discussed: intrinsic piezoelectric substrate velocity dependence with a quantity—restricted to the measurement of temperature or strain and, hence, torque or pressure—and extrinsic load dependence on the sensor, allowing for the measurement of variable capacitive or resistive loads. In all cases, the delay introduced by the physical quantity variation induces a phase rotation of the returned signal of a few periods at most, to be measured with a resolution of a fraction of a period: the GPR receiver sampling time reference must exhibit a long term stability at least as good as the targeted phase measurement needed to recover the physical quantity. We show that the commercial GPR exhibits excessive time-base drift, yielding a loss in the sensing capability, while a quartz-oscillator-based alternative implementation of the classical stroboscopic sampling receiver compensates for such a drawback

    Ziele und Möglichkeiten der ZĂŒchtung nĂ€hrstoffeffizienter Nutzpflanzen

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    Zum Thema "NĂ€hrstoffeffizienz" liegt ein weites Spektrum wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen der verschiedensten Fachgebiete vor. In diesem Beitrag wurden die vorhandenen Untersuchungsergebnisse anhand von zwei Formen der Charakterisierung nĂ€hrstoffeffizienter Sorten strukturiert. Einerseits wird mit dem deskriptiven Ansatz eine Beurteilung der Ertragsleistungen einer Sorte in verschiedenen NĂ€hrstoff-Umwelten in den Vordergrund gestellt. Hieraus ist eine direkte Selektion unter Freilandbedingungen abzuleiten. Andererseits wurde eine analytische Charakterisierung formuliert, aus der eine indirekte Selektion von nĂ€hrstoffeffizienten Eigenschaften als sekundĂ€re Merkmale zu entwickeln ist. Die Vielzahl möglicher morphologischer, anatomischer und physiologischer Eigenschaften wurde in die Bereiche Aneignungs- und Verwertungseffizienz untergliedert. Eine Definition der Begriffe Low-Input Sorte, NĂ€hrstoff-, Verwertungs- und Aneignungseffizienz wurde einfĂŒhrend vorgenommen. Rechtliche und biologische Grenzen wurden anhand des WertprĂŒfungssystems und der genetischen DiversitĂ€t aufgezeigt

    Magnetic properties of the ternary oxide glasses, Li2O-B2 O3-Fe2O3 from 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy

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    57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy has been combined with bulk magnetic measurements to determine the valence state and coordination of iron as well as the magnetic properties of the ternary oxide glasses, Li2O-B 2O3-Fe 2O3. In all investigated glasses (≀ 8.4 at % Fe), the Fe3+ ions coexist in tetrahedral and octahedral coordinations ; the presence of Fe2+ ions ( < 15 %), which is observed in some glasses, is related to preparation conditions. The magnetic properties of the glasses are governed by the iron content. At low iron concentration (< 3 at %), isolated Fe3+ ions coexist with antiferromagnetic dimers and trimers. At large iron content (3.8 to 8.4 at %) the glasses undergo a mictomagnetic transition to a speromagnetic ordered state. The freezing temperature (Tf), which is frequency dependent, is found to follow a Fulcher law in one sample (5.8 at % Fe) investigated in detail

    Influence of electromagnetic interferences on the gravimetric sensitivity of surface acoustic waveguides

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    Surface acoustic waveguides are increasing in interest for (bio)chemical detection. The surface mass modification leads to measurable changes in the propagation properties of the waveguide. Among a wide variety of waveguides, Love mode has been investigated because of its high gravimetric sensitivity. The acoustic signal launched and detected in the waveguide by electrical transducers is accompanied by an electromagnetic wave; the interaction of the two signals, easily enhanced by the open structure of the sensor, creates interference patterns in the transfer function of the sensor. The influence of these interferences on the gravimetric sensitivity is presented, whereby the structure of the entire sensor is modelled. We show that electromagnetic interferences generate an error in the experimental value of the sensitivity. This error is different for the open and the closed loop configurations of the sensor. The theoretical approach is completed by the experimentation of an actual Love mode sensor operated under liquid in open loop configuration. The experiment indicates that the interaction depends on the frequency and the mass modifications.Comment: 28 pages, 8 figure

    Central Venous Catheter Related Infections: The Impact of an Educational Program on Nurses’ Knowledge and Infection Rates in an ICU.

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    For improved client outcomes, nurses must be able to synthesize information from research and implement this information in the care of complex clients’ needs. The purpose of this study was to assess registered nurses’ knowledge of the evidence based guidelines for preventing central line infections in the context of Intensive Care Units, before and after implementation of a checklist and an educational program, using quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test interrupted time series design. The questionnaire “Knowledge of Evidence-Based Guideline for Preventing Central Venous Catheter-Related Infection” developed by Labeau, Vereecke, Vandijck, Claes, and Blot (2008) was used to assess the nurses’ knowledge with respect to central venous catheter maintenance factors as outlined in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC, 2002) guidelines. Following ethics approval, a convenience sample of registered nurses was given a self report questionnaire. Guideline knowledge was examined by age, education level, number of years in practice, and gender to explore potential differences within and between groups; no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. After the intervention, there was a statistically significant increase in mean knowledge score for the intervention group, but not for the comparison group. In addition, the mean post-test score was significantly higher for the intervention group compared to the comparison group. In the 12 months following the intervention, no primary bloodstream infections were reported at the intervention site. The results indicate that implementation of a checklist with educational reinforcement can increase nurses’ knowledge and may contribute to decreasing central venous catheter blood stream infection rates. An understanding of the nurses’ current knowledge level allows adaptation of beneficial strategies to increase research utilization and synthesize information toward better client outcomes in the context of the intensive care specialty. Decreasing infection rates saves lives, improves quality of care, and leads to better patient outcomes

    Mendel’s Laws and their impact on plant breeding

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    Die landwirtschaftliche Pflanzenproduktion wurde im Laufe des letzten Jahrhunderts erheblich gesteigert; so konnte die weltweite Weizenproduktion seit den 1970er Jahren durch ZĂŒchtung und effektivere Produktionstechnik fast verdoppelt werden. Auch die Getreidearten Reis, Mais, Gerste und Hirse haben heute eine große globale Bedeutung als Grundlage fĂŒr Nahrungs- und Futtermittel.Diese Erfolgsgeschichte wĂ€re ohne die Erkenntnisse von Gregor Mendel so nicht möglich gewesen. Mendel hat Vererbungsmuster erkannt und beschrieben, die er als „vererbbare Eigenschaften" bezeichnete. Das Denken in Faktoren (d. h. „Genen") war die Grundlage fĂŒr ein besseres VerstĂ€ndnis der Vererbung von Eigenschaften; Die Anwendung der Mendel‘schen Regeln in der systematischen PflanzenzĂŒchtung ermöglichte die kontinuierliche Entwicklung neuer Sorten mit verbesserter Resistenz gegen Krankheiten und SchĂ€dlinge sowie besserer ProduktqualitĂ€t. Dies war möglich, weil diese Merkmale hĂ€ufig von wenigen oder auch einzelnen Genen – monogenisch – gesteuert werden. Ein Beispiel fĂŒr solche „Mendel’schen Gene“ ist die Resistenz der Gerste gegen die bodenbĂŒrtige Gelbmosaikvirose. Eine Vielzahl weiterer Beispiele, z. B. Resistenzen gegen Mehltau und Rostkrankheiten, sind bekannt. Diese Gene können mittels molekularer Methoden markiert und lokalisiert und somit in markergestĂŒtzten Selektionsverfahren genutzt werden. Auch gehörten sie zu den ersten, die physisch isoliert werden konnten. Isolierte Gene sind die Grundlage fĂŒr die Nutzung neuer ZĂŒchtungstechnologien, z. B. CRISPR/Cas, und sie können mithilfe biotechnologischer Verfahren auch auf andere Sorten, Arten oder Taxa ĂŒbertragen werden.Aufgrund der offensichtlich zunehmenden Auswirkungen des Klimawandels wird es in Zukunft notwendig sein, neue Sorten mit einer besseren Toleranz gegenĂŒber abiotischem Stress – wie Hitze und Trockenheit – zu zĂŒchten. Solche Eigenschaften werden in der Regel nicht von einem oder wenigen Genen kontrolliert; sie sind vielmehr polygenisch vererbt und zeigen daher eine typische quantitative MerkmalsausprĂ€gung. Dies gilt auch fĂŒr die Höhe des Ernteertrags und maßgebliche QualitĂ€tsmerkmale. FĂŒr die ZĂŒchtung und Verbesserung solch komplexer Merkmale wurden in jĂŒngerer Zeit neue AnsĂ€tze entwickelt, so z. B. die QTL Analyse, in der komplexe Merkmale in einzelne Loci zerlegt werden, die einen Teil der beobachteten Varianz erklĂ€ren; in jĂŒngster Zeit kommen sogenannte genomische Selektionsverfahren hinzu. Auf diese Weise findet in der heutigen wissensbasierten PflanzenzĂŒchtung auf der Grundlage der Mendel’schen Regeln ĂŒber die empirische („klassische“) Methodik hinaus eine kontinuierliche Erweiterung und Optimierung des Methodenspektrums statt. Damit wird auch kĂŒnftig eine Verbesserung des Ertragspotentials, der ErtragsstabilitĂ€t und der QualitĂ€t von pflanzlichen Produkten möglich sein.Cereals like wheat, rice, maize, barley and millets, feed the world. Therefore, global breeding activities, which had been very successful during the last decades, aim at an increase of cereal yields. This, as expected continued success story is the result of the extensive observations and formulation of the fundamental genetic rules that bear his name as Mendel’s law of inheritance (T.H. Morgan 1911). Mendel’s thinking in “heritable characters“ resembling structural “genes“, was the basis for a better understanding of the genetic principles of inheritance; The application of these principles in systematic plant breeding has then allowed the continuous development of improved cultivars.Plant characteristics controlled by a few or only one gene were the first candidates for improvement since they allowed the direct application of Mendel’s rules. Typical examples are resistances against diseases, e.g. due to fungal pathogens or viruses. Today, most of the wheat and barley cultivars grown in Europe are resistant to many diseases. The discovery of resistance of barley against soil-borne barley yellow mosaic virus disease and the clarification of its genetic control is an impressive example for the direct application of Mendel’s law. The respective extensive research was the basis for developing a multitude of resistant barley varieties during recent decades. Numerous further examples for resistance of crop plants against pathogens could be mentioned, here. Such “Mendel genes" can be genetically marked and localized, which subsequently enables marker-assisted selection. They were also among the first to be isolated. Isolated genes are the basis to apply new breeding technologies, e.g. CRISPR/Cas, and to transfer the respective genes to other varieties, species or taxa with the help of biotechnological tools.Due to the obviously increasing effects of climate change, it will be necessary in the future to breed new varieties with higher tolerance to abiotic stress – such as heat and drought. Such traits are usually not controlled by one or a few genes; rather, they are polygenically inherited and therefore show a typical quantitative distribution of respective traits. This also applies to crop yield and relevant quality traits. New approaches have been developed for breeding and improving such complex traits e.g. QTL analyses separating complex traits into several Mendelian loci explaining part of the variance observed and „genomic selection" are widely applied today. In this process, suitable genotypes are examined for genetic variation that indicates a desired trait expression (phenotype). In this way, a continuous optimisation of methodology takes place in today's knowledge-based plant breeding on the basis of Mendel's rules via empirical (“classical") methodology. This will be the cornerstone to improve the yield potential, yield stability and quality of plants in the future
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