Finite temperature ordering of dilute graphene antiferromagnets

We employ large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations to study the magnetic ordering transition among dilute magnetic moments randomly localized on the graphene honeycomb lattice, induced by long-ranged RKKY interactions at low charge carrier concentration. In this regime the effective exchange interactions are ferromagnetic within each sublattice, and antiferromagnetic between opposite sublattices, with an overall cubic decay of the interaction strength with the separation between the moments. We verify explicitly, that this commensurability leads to antiferromagnetic order among the magnetic moments below a finite transition temperature in this two-dimensional system. Furthermore, the ordering temperature shows a crossover in its power-law scaling with the moments' dilution from a low- to a high-concentration regime.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure

HR- perehdytys esimiesroolin tukena

Tämä opinnäytetyö on tehty toimeksiantona Suur-Seudun Osuuskauppa SSO:lle. Opinnäytetyössä pohditaan esimiesroolin ja esimiestyön osaamista ja sen kehittämistä. Toiminnallisen opinnäytetyön tietoperusta koostuu kirjallisuuden ja verkkolähteiden lisäksi opinnäytetyön kirjoittajan aiemmista tiedoista. Työn teoriaosuus käsittelee esimiestehtävää ja lisäksi työssä syvennytään esimiesrooliin ja perehdytyksen merkitykseen roolin hahmottamisessa. Työssä keskitytään esimiestyöhön, sillä toimeksiantajayritys on rakentamassa nykyisen työntekijäperehdytyksen lisäksi esimiesperehdytystä. Opinnäytetyöstä rajattiin pois esimiehen perehdytysprosessi, jonka päivitykseen toimeksiantaja keskittyy tarkemmin myöhemmin. Esimiestyön taitaminen ja itsensä kehittäminen ovat merkittäviä menestystekijöitä yritykselle. Keskijohdon osaaminen ja sen kehittäminen takaavat yritykselle kilpailuedun. Esimiesten sitouttaminen ja sen myötä yrityksen strategian toteutuminen onnistuvat, kun yritys perehdyttää esimiehet riittävän laajasti tehtäviinsä. Esimiesroolin löytäminen ja siinä onnistuminen kehittävät keskijohtoa, mutta samalla koko työyhteisö kehittyy, kun sitä johtaa esimies yrityksen haluamalla tavalla. Opinnäytetyön tuotos, HR- asioiden perehdytyskortti, on työssä liitteenä. Toimeksiantajayrityksessä käytettävä työntekijän perehdytyskortti ja perehdytyssuunnitelma ovat työssä liitteenä sisällön ja tekstin tueksi. Toimeksiantaja sai opinnäytetyön myötä esimiesperehdytykseen tarpeellisen työvälineen, jota tullaan käyttämään esimiesperehdytyksessä

Mass Spectrometric Methodologies for Analysis of Triacylglycerol and Phospholipid Regioisomers in Natural Fats and Oils

Analysis of triacylglycerol (TG) and phospholipid (PL) regioisomers is a challenging task. The liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) analysis methods can be divided into two distinct categories: a) direct separation by chromatography or other means such as ion mobility, and b) quantification of regioisomer ratios by structurally informative fragment ions with mass spectrometric methods. Challenges arise from the large number of isobaric lipid species in natural samples, often overlapping chromatographically and sharing structurally informative fragment ions. Due to long retention times and difficult separation, researchers are moving away from direct chromatographic separation of isomers, using mass spectrometry instead. Many established analytical methods are targeting specific isomers of interest, and high-throughput untargeted analysis remains challenging, even though advancements have been made in the recent years. Fragmentation of glycerolipids is influenced by acyl chain lengths and numbers of double bonds of the attached fatty acids, and while certain fragmentation mechanisms offer better sn-specificity than others, the lack of available regiopure standards is still an obstacle for many researchers. In the thesis work, new tandem mass spectrometric (MS2) methods for investigating TG and PL regioisomer compositions in natural samples were developed. Two different instrumental methods and algorithmic calculation models were developed and validated for analysis of TG regioisomers. A direct inlet negative ion chemical ionization method along with an updated version of the MSPECTRA calculation software offers a rapid protocol for investigating TG regioisomers in complex samples such as human milk. While the absolute accuracy of the regioisomer ratio calculations is affected by the nature of the FAs in the TGs, the method is very useful for studying regioisomeric differences between samples. A new fragmentation model for analysis of TG regioisomers utilizing positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) LC-MS2 method was developed in addition to the direct inlet method. The model was created using calibration curves established with a wide range of regiopure TG standards, allowing prediction of fragmentation patterns for TG species without authentic standards. While the triple quadrupole MS instrument used for establishing the model is better suited for targeted approaches, the analysis can later be transferred to an untargeted platform utilizing data-dependent acquisition. Both calculation programs utilize optimization functions, attempting to find concentrations of regioisomers that produce the experimentally observed fragment ion spectra. This approach mitigates the effects of interfering isobaric fragments resulting from different isomeric TG species and the entire fragment spectra of multiple TG molecular species is handled simultaneously instead of each individually. The analysis of PL regioisomers was divided into two parts. In the first part, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) method combined with a data-dependent MS2 acquisition was used to study the fragmentation behavior of different PL classes. Calibration curves were created with PL reference standards, enabling regioisomeric analysis of specific PL molecular species. For second part of the PL regioisomer analysis, the HILIC separation method was replaced by reversed phase chromatography, resulting in more reliable and efficient separation of PL molecular species within classes. An automated data preprocessing algorithm and a fragmentation model for untargeted PC regioisomer identification was created. Together, the developed LC-MS2 methods and calculation software and fragmentation models for TG and PL regioisomer analysis form a strong basis for further development and implementation to lipidomics platforms, enabling more detailed structural analysis in a rapidly growing area of research

VALIDITY AND RELEVANCE OF THE CONCEPTS OF "REFORMATION' AND 'COUNTEREFORMATION' IN THE POLITICAL THOUGHT FROM THE SIXTENTH TO THE NINETENTH CENTURIES

The objective of this volume is to review the validity and relevance of the concepts of "Reformation" and "CounterReformation" as categories of analysis of Catholic political thought of the xvi-xix centuries.Peer reviewe

Suupohjan kuukkelipopulaation efektiivinen populaatiokoko ja populaation elinkelpoisuus

Genetic variation is vital for both contemporary and long-term wellbeing of populations. Whereas heterozygosity (Ho) and allelic richness (A) are commonly used to measure the level of genetic diversity in a population, effective population size (Ne) describes the speed of loss of genetic variation. Various effective population sizes are proposed as standards for safe retention of genetic variation in a Minimum Viable Population (MVP). Since the 1940s, several types of effective population size estimators have been developed. Earlier estimators relied on demographic parameters, whereas genetic estimators are based on the analysis of either one or two genetic samples from a population. All Ne estimators have their unique sensitivities and limiting assumptions, which complicate the choice of estimator, comparison of results of different studies and the assessment of the reliability of the results. Ne estimators have recently been used e.g. in the monitoring of many aquatic populations, but their reliability and comparability has not often been tested with extensive ecological and genetic data, and it is not well established how much added value they bring to the conservation of easily observable species. I tested this with an extensive dataset on the Siberian jays (Perisoreus infaustus) living in Suupohja, Finland (62°22'N, 21°30'E). The Suupohja Siberian jays form one of the few isolates of Siberian jays in Southern Finland. I utilised three demographic and three genetic Ne estimators to estimate the Ne and the Ne/N ratio in the Suupohja Siberian jays, and compared the findings to the Ho and A estimates calculated with the same data, and to various suggested MVP standards. The results showed that the ratio of effective and census population sizes (Ne/N) is close to 0.6 in the Suupohja Siberian jays. Uneven survival of offspring and population size fluctuations are the main factors in the formation of this ratio. The average genetic Ne estimate would, then, suggest a census population size of 44 % higher than the average N in the Suupohja study area. This result is probably connected to the high proportion of breeding immigrants in the data, which would cause the Ne estimates to reflect a larger genetic neighbourhood than the study area. The genetic Ne estimates also suggest that the Suupohja Siberian jays might not be able to maintain their genetic diversity in the long term if gene flow would cease due to further isolation, especially if isolation would also cause a faster demographic decline. Conservation attempts should aim at ensuring gene flow to the remaining Siberian jay isolates in Southern Finland, in order to protect them from increasing genetic uniformity and inbreeding. It is possible that while the average dispersal distances in the Siberian jay are short, occasional long-distance dispersal events have an important role in the pretention of genetic structuring in a Siberian jay population. Ne estimation based on demographic data was laborious in the case of the Suupohja Siberian jays, whereas the genetic Ne estimates showed large variation depending on year and estimation method used. Reliable estimation of Ne with genetic methods would have required information on the large-scale genetic structure of the population. In any case, Ne estimates gave a clearer picture on the genetic viability of the Suupohja Siberian jays than the Ho and A estimates, which did not indicate any decrease of genetic diversity during the study period.Geneettinen vaihtelu on elintärkeää populaatioiden hyvinvoinnille. Siinä missä heterotsygotiaa (Ho) ja alleelirikkautta (A) käytetään yleisesti populaation geneettisen vaihtelun mittareina, efektiivinen populaatiokoko (Ne) mittaa populaation geneettisen vaihtelun häviämisnopeutta. Useita efektiivisiä populaatiokokoja on ehdotettu geneettisen vaihtelun turvallisen säilyttämisen standardiksi pienimmässä elinkelpoisessa populaatiokoossa (MVP). Efektiivisen populaatiokoon mittareita on kehitetty 1940-luvulta lähtien. Varhaisemmat mittarit ovat perustuneet populaation demografisille ominaisuuksille. Geneettiset mittarit perustuvat yhden tai kahden geneettisen näyte-erän analyysille. Kaikilla efektiivisen populaatiokoon mittareilla on ominaisia herkkyyksiään ja käyttörajoituksiaan, mikä vaikeuttaa mittarin valintaa, tulosten vertailukelpoisuutta ja tulosten luotettavuuden arviointia. Efektiivisen populaatiokoon mittausta on käytetty monien akvaattisten populaatioiden seurannassa, mutta mittareiden luotettavuutta ja vertailukelpoisuutta on vain harvoin voitu testata kattavalla demografisella ja geneettisellä aineistolla, eikä tarjolla ole selkeää näkemystä siitä, kuinka paljon lisähyötyä ne tuovat muutoinkin helposti seurattavien lajien suojeluun. Testasin tätä Suomen Suupohjassa, 62°22'N, 21°30'E, eläviä kuukkeleita (Perisoreus infaustus) käsittelevällä aineistolla. Suupohjan kuukkelit muodostavat yhden Etelä-Suomen harvoista kuukkelialueista. Käytin kolmea demografista ja kolmea geneettistä efektiivisen populaatiokoon mittaria määrittääkseni populaation efektiivisen koon sekä efektiivisen ja todellisen koon suhteen (Ne /N), ja vertailin tuloksia heterotsygotia- ja alleelirikkausarvoihin sekä keskusteluun pienimmästä elinkelpoisesta populaatiokoosta. Tulosten mukaan efektiivisen ja todellisen populaatiokoon suhde on kuukkelilla noin 0.6. Suhteen muodostumiseen vaikuttivat lisääntymismenestyksen vaihtelu ja populaatiokoon heilahtelut. Geneettisillä mittareilla mitatun efektiivisen populaatiokoon mukaan kuukkelien todellinen populaatiokoko olisi 44 % korkeampi kuin tutkimusalueen keskimääräinen populaatiokoko. Tulos lienee sidoksissa yllättävän korkeaan immigranttien osuuteen lisääntyvistä yksilöistä, mistä johtuen geneettinen aineisto heijastelisi tutkimusaluetta laajempaa geneettistä naapurustoa. Tulokset osoittavat myös, etteivät Suupohjan kuukkelit todennäköisesti kykenisi säilyttämään geneettistä vaihteluaan ilman immigraatiota, etenkin jos immigraation lakkaaminen johtaisi myös populaatiokoon laskuun. Suojeluyritysten tulisi tähdätä geenivirran varmistamiseen Etelä-Suomen jäljellä oleville kuukkelialueille geneettisen yhdenmukaistumisen estämiseksi. Koska keskimääräiset dispersaalimatkat ovat kuukkelilla lyhyitä, on mahdollista, että harvinaisemmilla pitkän matkan dispersaalitapahtumilla on keskeinen rooli geneettisen eriytymisen estämisessä. Efektiivisen populaatiokoon arviointi demografisen aineiston perusteella oli työlästä, kun taas geneettiset arviot ilmensivät suurta vaihtelua vuodesta ja mittarista riippuen. Luotettava efektiivisen populaatiokoon arviointi olisi edellyttänyt populaation geneettisen rakenteen parempaa etukäteistuntemusta. Efektiivisen populaatiokoon mittaus antoi kuitenkin selkeämmän kuvan Suupohjan kuukkeleiden geneettisestä hyvinvoinnista kuin mitatut heterotsygotia- ja alleelirikkausarvot, jotka eivät osoittaneet minkäänlaista geneettisen vaihtelun laskua tutkimusajanjaksolla

'Per una definizione del potere legislativo: : sulla possibilità di un linguaggio liberale condiviso tra Napoli ed Spagna nella età moderna'

This article explores the scientific and historical foundations of the liberal language shared by all the kingdoms of the Spanish monarchy in the early-modern period. It builds a longue durée study from the theorization of legal and political practices from the 1650s and the Accademia degli Investiganti (1650-1668) to the constitutional debates of Cadiz (1810-1811). The study follows the discussions on human fallibility that allowed early-modern thinkers to delimit the action of the monarch and his magistrates by means of following their choices to build their theoretical models within the framework provided by their discussions on happiness and tyranny.Peer reviewe

Neither Scolastics nor Janesits : Moral philosophy in the Naples of the Counter-Reformation era

This article reveals key elements of the Neapolitan intellectual map of the Counter-Reformation one of the most complex and fascinating of the Italian history at the dawn of the Enlightenment. The main objective is to resettle the place of both Jansenism and Scholastics to the Neapolitan intellectual history of the first half of the eighteenth Century. This article places the Letters addressed to the Father General of the Society of Jesus written by the patrician Genoese and political philosopher Paolo Mattia Doria in the context of the Inquisition's trial against the atheists-atomists (1688-1697), whose echoes were heard all the way to the first decades of the eighteenth Century.Peer reviewe

Providence and Uses of Grotian Strategies in Neapolitan Political Thought, 1650–1750

Peer reviewe

Pufendorf’s Sociability in (Italian) Translation

Peer reviewe

Identification and characterisation of differentially displayed transcripts in metastatic versus non-metastatic cells of the CSML cell line system

Metastasis is a complex multistep process allowing otherwise localised tumour cells to migrate to other organs. To elucidate this mechanism further we compared the mRNA level of non-metastatic CSML-0 to metastatic CSML-100 and VMR-Li using differential display. This approach led to the identification of ten different genes differentially expressed between two closely related CSML cell lines. Cloning, sequencing and database analysis suggested the cloned fragments to be related to six genes with known coding sequence. MMTV, Collagen XI α1 and PACE4 were found in CSML-0, while Cystatin C, Lamin C and Ly-6A/E were upregulated in CSML-100. Also four fragments, NN18 found in CSML-0 and NN9, NN30 and NN32 found in CSML-100, not related to any known gene were cloned. When tested against a panel of mouse tumour cell lines, a pattern of expression for Collagen XI α1, PACE4, Cystatin C, Lamin C, Ly-6A/E, NN9 and NN30 connecting these genes to the metastatic process were found. Cystatin C protein staining of cell lines and CSML tumour tissue further suggested an involvement of this proteinase inhibitor in tumour progression. This is the first report connecting PACE4 and Collagen XI α1 to tumour progression and points to new proteins potentially.utilised by colonising cells. The NN30 gene fragment was selected for further identification and characterisation. The full-length clone revealed a 338 amino acid 39 kDa protein, lacking obvious homologues in the EMBL database. We temporarily named this protein E30. In situ hybridisation and immunostainings demonstrated that this protein was highly expressed in epithelial cells, in testis and in ovary, in embryonic tissue as well as in extra embryonic. This gene is part of a previously undescribed gene family as indicated by human and C. elegans ESTs homologous to E30. Transfection of E30 into non-metastatic CSML-0 cells rendered these cells metastatic in 2 out of 3 mice in an experimental metastasis assay. Metastatic nodules were not only confined to the lung, but both mice produced liver metastasis. I therefore report the cloning of a gene expressed in epithelial cells and capable of inducing metastasis to the liver and lung