Role of electrostatic forces in cluster formation in a dry ionomer

This simulation study investigates the dependence of the structure of dry Nafion$^{\tiny\textregistered}$-like ionomers on the electrostatic interactions between the components of the molecules. In order to speed equilibration, a procedure was adopted which involved detaching the side chains from the backbone and cutting the backbone into segments, and then reassembling the macromolecule by means of a strong imposed attractive force between the cut ends of the backbone, and between the non-ionic ends of the side chains and the midpoints of the backbone segments. Parameters varied in this study include the dielectric constant, the free volume, side-chain length, and strength of head-group interactions. A series of coarse-grained mesoscale simulations shows the morphlogy to depend sensitively on the ratio of the strength of the dipole-dipole interactions between the side-chain acidic end groups to the strength of the other electrostatic components of the Hamiltonian. Examples of the two differing morphologies proposed by Gierke and by Gebel emerge from our simulations.Comment: 39 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publicatio

Predicted field-induced hexatic structure in an ionomer membrane

Coarse-grained molecular-dynamics simulations were used to study the morphological changes induced in a Nafion$^{\tiny \textregistered}$-like ionomer by the imposition of a strong electric field. We observe the formation of novel structures aligned along the direction of the applied field. The polar head groups of the ionomer side chains aggregate into clusters, which then form rod-like formations which assemble into a hexatic array aligned with the direction of the field. Occasionally these lines of sulfonates and protons form a helical structure. Upon removal of the electric field, the hexatic array of rod-like structures persists, and has a lower calculated free energy than the original isotropic morphology.Comment: 4 pages, 7 figure

ANALISIS PENGARUH HUBUNGAN SUHU, PH DAN KELEMBAPAN DALAM PRODUKSI GAS METAN (CH4) MENGGUNAKAN SAMPAH ORGANIK DENGAN PERLAKUAN RESIRKULASI LINDI DAN PENAMBAHAN AIR PADA BIOREAKTOR LANDFILL

ABSTRAK Analisis Pengaruh Hubungan Suhu, Ph dan Kelembapan dalam Produksi Gas Metan (Ch4) Menggunakan Sampah Organik dengan Resirkulasi Lindi dan Penambahan Air pada Bioreaktor Landfill Jessica Elshad Pramesti Pangestu, M. Arief Budihardjo, Wiharyanto Oktiawan Landfilling terus menjadi salah satu metode utama yang digunakan dalam pengelolaan Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) di seluruh dunia, terutama di negaranegara berkembang. Kebutuhan untuk teknik-teknik manajemen TPA yang inovatif untuk lebih meminimalkan dampak lingkungan yang merugikan, telah meningkatkan minat dengan metode bioreaktor dikarenakan mampu mempercepat dekomposisi MSW dan mengurangi postoperational fase pembuangan. Dari penelitan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan produksi biogas dengan sistem landfill bioreaktor secara aerob, anaerob dan hybrid. Pada bioreactor landfill ini, pengaruh hubungan antara pH lindi, suhu, kelembapan terhadap produksi biogas dari sampah organik daun dan sayuran yaitu dimana kondisi pH mencapai kondisi optimal yaitu pada kisaran 6,5-7,0 untuk bakteri metanogen bekerja dan hampir selalu diikuti dengan kenaikan temperatur menuju fase termofilik (50-70oC) dimana pada fase termofilik itulah kondisi proses metanogenesis paling efektif dan tinggi dihasilkan. Sehingga, semakin pH lindi memasuki kondisi optimal pH, temperatur akan semakin naik menuju fase termofilik. Kenaikan suhu menuju kondisi termofilik secara langsung akan berpengaruh terhadap parameter kelembapan dimana kondisi yang semakin panas akan berpengaruh kepada menurunnya kelembapan sampah. Kelembapan optimal yang diperbolehkan pada tumpukan limbah padat adalah 50-60%. bioreaktor yang mengalami fase metanogenesis yang paling panjang dengan kondisi pH yang optimum (6,5-8), mengalami fase metanogenesis yang paling panjang dengan kondisi pH yang optimum, serta mengalami kondisi termofilik yang paling panjang yaitu selama 11 hari adalah R2, yaitu dengan tipe bioreaktor landfill hybrid dan dengan variasi sampah sayur dengan akumulasi produksi gas metan sebesar 125.9 µg/m3. Sampah sayur memiliki tingkat kelembapan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sampah daun sehingga dapat mendukung proses degradasi sampah pada kondisi yang optimal. Kelembapan optimal yang diperbolehkan pada tumpukan limbah padat adalah 50-60%. Resirkulasi lindi ke bioreaktor landfill dapat mempercepat proses biodegradasi sampah sehingga terjadi peningkatan laju degradasi sampah yang juga berperan penting untuk mendorong produksi gas metan yang dihasilkan. Kata kunci : Bioreaktor Landfill, Gas Metan, Sampah OrganiABSTRACT Analysis of the Influence Relationship of pH, Temperature, Humidity in the Production of Methane Gas (Ch4) Using Organic Waste on Landfills Bioreactor Jessica Elshad Pramesti Pangestu, M. Arief Budihardjo, Wiharyanto Oktiawan Landfilling continues to be one of the main methods used in the management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) worldwide, especially in developing countries. The need for landfill management techniques are innovative to further minimize the adverse environmental impact, has increased the interest in methods of bioreaktor due to being able to accelerate the decomposition of MSW and reduce postoperational phase the disposal. Of the study is to increase the production of biogas system with bioreaktor in aerobic landfills, anaerobic and hybrid. Bioreactor landfills on this, the influence of the relationship between the pH of leachate, temperature, humidity towards the production of biogas from organic waste leaves and vegetables namely pH conditions which achieve optimal conditions in the range of 6.5-7.0 for metanogen work and bacteria almost always followed by a rise in temperature towards the termofilik phase (50-70oC) where in termofilik that is the most effective process of Methanogenesis conditions and resulting high. So, the pH optimum pH conditions entering leachate, the temperature will be more up towards a phase of termofilik. Temperature rise towards the termofilik condition will directly influence on parameters of humidity where conditions were getting hot will effect to decrease humidity bin. The optimal humidity is allowed on a pile of solid waste is 50-60%. bioreaktor that are experiencing the most lengthy Methanogenesis phases with the optimum pH conditions (6.5-8), experiencing the longest phase of Methanogenesis with optimum pH conditions, as well as the most termofilik conditions during long 11 today is R2, that is with the type bioreaktor with hybrid and variation of landfills waste vegetable with the accumulated methane gas production amounted to 125.9 µ g/m3. Vegetable bins have a higher humidity level compared with litter so as to support the process of degradation of litter in optimal conditions. The optimal humidity is allowed on a pile of solid waste is 50-60%. Leachate recirculation to the bioreaktor landfill waste biodegradation can accelerate the process so that an increase in the rate of degradation of waste is also important to encourage the production of methane gas generated. Keywords : Landfill Bioreactor, Methane Gas, Organic Wast

Características de la identidad étnica entre estudiantes

The paper shows the characteristics that influence the ethnic identity of students educated in the Azerbaijani and Russian languages.The thoughts related to the study about  ethnic identity within the studies conducted in this way, as well as the psychological features of this process in youthful individuals are analyzed.Analysis of the results demonstrates that learners, studying in Azerbaijani department have indicators of the cognitive element of the ethnic identity higher than those of the learners studying in Russian department. This means that the level of self-awareness of their belonging to this ethnic group, opinions about the features of their own ethnic group are higher among students of the Azerbaijani Department. Analysis of the results also reveals the fact that students, studying in Azerbaijani language have indicators of the affective component of ethnic identity higher than students studying in Russian language. This considers a positive attitude towards their ethnos as a group, as well as the fact that young people have a definite emotional feel of acceptance to their ethnic group, a high sensitivity towards their ethnos.El documento muestra las características que influyen en la identidad étnica de los estudiantes educados en los idiomas azerbaiyano y ruso. Los pensamientos relacionados con el estudio sobre la identidad étnica dentro de los estudios realizados de esta manera, así como las características psicológicas de este proceso en individuos jóvenes son El análisis de los resultados demuestra que los alumnos que estudian en el departamento de Azerbaiyán tienen indicadores del elemento cognitivo de la identidad étnica superior a los de los alumnos que estudian en el departamento ruso. Esto significa que el nivel de autoconciencia de su pertenencia a este grupo étnico, las opiniones sobre las características de su propio grupo étnico son más altas entre los estudiantes del Departamento de Azerbaiyán. El análisis de los resultados también revela el hecho de que los estudiantes que estudian en idioma azerbaiyano tienen indicadores del componente afectivo de la identidad étnica más altos que los estudiantes que estudian en idioma ruso. Esto considera una actitud positiva hacia su etnia como grupo, así como el hecho de que los jóvenes tienen una clara sensación emocional de aceptación hacia su grupo étnico, una alta sensibilidad hacia su etnia