Comparison of the Nimbus-4 BUV ozone data with the Ames two-dimensional model

A comparison is made of the first two years of Nimbus 4 backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) ozone measurements with the predictions of the Ames two dimensional model. The ozone observations used consist of the mixing ratio on the 1, 2, 5, and 10 mb pressure surfaces. The data are zone and time averaged to obtain seasonal means for 1970 and 1971 and are found to show strong and repeatable meridional and seasonal dependencies. The model used for comparison with the observations extends from 80 N to 80 S latitude and from altitudes of 0 to 60 km with 5 deg horizontal grid spacing and 2.5 km vertical grid spacing. Chemical reaction and photolysis rates are diurnally averaged and the photodissociation rates are corrected for the effects of scattering. The large altitude, latitude, and seasonal changes in the ozone data agree with the model predictions. Model predictions of the sensitivity of the comparisons to changes in the assumed mixing ratios of water vapor, odd nitrogen, and odd chlorine, as well as to changes in the ambient temperature and transport parameters are also shown

A linearized solution to impulsive latent heat release in a dilute, isothermal atmosphere

One dimensional model for analytical solution to problem of impulsive heat release by chemically generated waves in dilute, isothermal atmospher

A possible shock effect associated with seaquakes

The effects of earthquakes felt on board vessels at sea are discussed along with the possibility of cohesive shock wave propagating through the ocean. The large earthquake of shallow focus which occurred on 29 April 1970, in the Guatemala Basin is analyzed. The thermal information recorded by ITOS-1 spacecraft showed an anomalous temperature enhancement of +3 K in the immediate vicinity, indicating a thermal effect attributed to shock waves

Vertical temperature and density patterns in the Arctic mesosphere analyzed as gravity waves

Rocket soundings conducted from high latitude sites in the Arctic mesosphere are described. Temperature and wind profiles and one density profile were observed independently to obtain the thermodynamic structure, the wind structure, and their interdependence in the mesosphere. Temperature profiles from all soundings were averaged, and a smooth curve (or series of smooth curves) drawn through the points. A hydrostatic atmosphere based on the average, measured temperature profile was computed, and deviations from the mean atmosphere were analyzed in terms of gravity wave theory. The vertical wavelengths of the deviations were 10-20 km, and the wave amplitudes slowly increased with height. The experimental data were matched by calculated gravity waves having a period of 15-20 minutes and a horizontal wavelength of 60-80 km. The wind measurements are consistent with the thermodynamic measurements. The results also suggest that gravity waves travel from East to West with a horizontal phase velocity of approximately 60 m sec-1

A linearized approach to chemically generated waves in a dilute, isothermal atmosphere

Characteristics of chemically generated waves in dilute, isothermal atmosphere and numerical analysis of chemical reactions involve

Islamophobia and the Muslim Other

I chose to discuss attitudes toward Muslims in the United States since September 11, 2001. There are currently 3.45 million Muslims living in the United States, of which about 75% were born Muslim, and they typically face discrimination every day. The discrimination ranges, but it exists on the most extreme and the mildest levels. The FBI reported in 2017 that, of those 3.45 million Muslims in the United States, nearly 20% suffered from a religious hate crime. That is 690,000 Muslims suffering a hate crime that only occurred due to their religion and was bad enough to report to the police. To understand this phenomenon, I researched with a specific question in mind: How have attitudes toward Muslims changed in the United States since September 11, 2001, and what can we do to end discrimination against them? To do this, I used sources from historians, geographers, and sociologists. Historians helped me understand how public policies and historic relations between the U.S. and the Middle East have affected Americans’ perceptions of Muslims. Geographers helped me see where the discrimination occurs the most, and why. Sociologists helped me recognize how factors like education and mass communications affect Americans’ perceptions of Muslims. Attitudes toward Muslims have negatively changed in the United States since September 11, 2001, with increased discrimination against the Muslim population, and we can end this discrimination through more well-rounded education and protective public policy, achieved through a nation-wide social movement

Effect of temperature oscillation on chemical reaction rates in the atmosphere

The effect of temperature fluctuations on atmospheric ozone chemistry is examined by considering the Chapman photochemical theory of ozone transport to calculate globally averaged ozone production rates from mean reaction rates, activation energies, and recombination processes

Evidence for strongly damped gravity waves in the earth's atmosphere

Strongly damped gravity waves in earth atmosphere evidenced by rocket soundin

Development of high-permittivity glasses for microwave LTCC tapes

One of today's leading packaging concepts in microelectronics and microsystems is the technology of Low Temperature Cofiring Ceramics (LTCC). It is based on ceramic tapes that sinter at low temperatures (< 950 °C) and are capable of fine-line wiring by use of high-conductivity metals, preferably silver ( ϑm = 961 °C). To lower sintering temperatures of crystalline powders, glass powder is added. Depending on the amount of glass added, two mechanisms of sintering are possible: reactive or nonreactive liquid phase sintering. Reactive sintering requires small amounts (< 10 vol.%) of a very low softening glass (ϑsoft < 400°C). If the glass amount is increased to more than 50 vol.%, nonreactive sintering occurs in the glass softening range. According to the microstructure observed for each case, the respective types of materials are called Glass Bonded Ceramics (GBC) and Glass Ceramic Composites (GCC). Integration of microwave filters in LTCC multilayers requires inner dielectric layers with medium, temperature-stable permittivities (εr = 30 to 60) and low dielectric loss (tan δ < 2 ∙ 10^-3). Up to now, appropriate materials have been realized only by GBC sintering at 900 °C and above. Hence, pure silver metallization is not possible. To overcome this limitation, GCC are a promising way. Therefore, crystalline substances possessing εr of about 100 and low dielectric loss - for example Ba(La, Nd)2Ti4O12 - were combined with special high-permittivity glasses. Α development of such glasses is presented in this work. Addition of oxides of easily polarizable elements (e. g. Nb2O5, La2O3 , TiO2 ) effects an increase in permittivity of selected basis compositions from the systems BaO-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 (εr up to 15) and La2O3-Ba2O3-TiO2 (εr up to 20). GCC mixtures made of 65 vol.% of these glasses and 35 vol.% BaLa2Ti4O12 showing microwave properties and sintering temperatures below 900 °C are introduced