Corporate networks in Poland: interlocking directorates and business systems

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsAiming at filling a gap in the literature, which has been concentrated on USA and Western-European Countries, this paper analyzes the Polish corporate network based on interlocking directorates among 125 top companies in the country. To determine the characteristics of the network and its implications for the business system the exploratory Social Network Analysis is conducted. It is found that the Polish network is fragmented and the interlocks appear mainly along companies from financial and chemical sectors. Basing on comparison with Germany it is suggested that the Polish network will be growing in size and density in the future

How the Grateful Dead Turned Alternative Business and Legal Strategies Into A Great American Success Story

That the Grateful Dead were different undoubtedly is true on a broad social level. But it is not so easy to ascertain how they were different in the business and legal aspects of their enterprise. The ephemeral nature of their approach stems from the fact that they conducted their affairs within and alongside the world of statutes and contracts and yet provided themselves with a great degree of independence from that world. This Note will comment on the Dead\u27s perspective on and their ultimate rejection of many of the business and legal strategies traditionally ascribed to in the industry. After a brief introduction to the ethos of the Grateful Dead--essential as a frame of reference into their collective character--this Note will provide summaries of common music industry practices involved in signing onto a recording label and getting one\u27s material marketed, distributed, and sold. It will then examine the law that protects exposure of artists and their work. The reader should keep in mind that the law views songwriters and recording artists as separate entities. In practice, this distinction applies in most instances. This Note, however, will assume that these parties are one and the same, partly because the Dead both wrote and recorded their material, and partly to avoid the inconvenience and redundancy of having to draw out this distinction in passim

Galanin modulates oxytocin release from rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial explant in vitro — the role of acute or prolonged osmotic stimulus

Wstęp: Galanina (Gal) jako neuromodulator różnych procesów w ośrodkowym układzie nerwowym może być zaangażowana w regulacji funkcji części nerwowej przysadki. Celem obecnych doświadczeń było zbadanie wpływu Gal na uwalnianie oksytocyny (OT) in vitro: zastosowano ostry lub przewlekły bodziec osmotyczny jako czynnik pobudzający. Materiał i metody: Badania zostały przeprowadzone na 3-miesięcznych szczurach samcach, od których pobierano podwzgórze (Hth), część nerwową przysadki (NH) lub układ podwzgórzowo-przysadkowy (Hth-NH). Wpływ Gal na uwalnianie OT był badany w warunkach braku pobudzenia osmotycznego — stymulacja jonami K+ (seria 1), podczas ostrego pobudzenia osmotycznego wywołanego jonami Na+ zawartymi w płynie inkubacyjnym (seria 2) lub w trakcie stymulacji osmotycznej o charakterze pośrednim, kiedy tkanki nerwowe pobierano od zwierząt otrzymujących do picia 2% roztwór NaCl (stan przewodnienia hipertonicznego) (seria 3). Zawartość OT oznaczano metodą radioimmunologiczną. Wyniki: Seria 1: Galanina obecna w medium inkubacyjnym hamowała podstawowe uwalnianie OT z NH i układu Hth-NH, natomiast pobudzała podstawowe i stymulowane jonami K+ uwalnianie OT z Hth. Seria 2: Gal nie wywierała żadnego wpływu na sekrecję OT indukowaną jonami Na+ zawartymi w płynie inkubacyjnym. Seria 3: Gal była przyczyną wzrostu podstawowego uwalniania OT z NH oraz stymulowanego jonami potasu uwalniania OT z Hth oraz układu Hth-NH pobranych od szczurów w stanie przewodnienia hipertonicznego. Wnioski: Na podstawie obecnych badań in vitro można przyjąć, że: 1. Gal pełni funkcję neuromodulatora hamującego uwalnianie OT z części nerwowej przysadki, natomiast wywiera efekt przeciwny na poziomie podwzgórza. 2. Gal działa jako neuromodulator pobudzający uwalnianie OT w odpowiedzi na stan przewlekłego pobudzenia osmotycznego; ostry bodziec osmotyczny blokuje wrażliwość neuronów OT-ergicznych na działanie galaniny. (Endokrynol Pol 2013; 64 (2): 139–148)Introduction: Galanin (Gal) may be involved as the neuromodulator of different processes in the central nervous system in the regulation of neurohypophysial function. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of Gal on oxytocin (OT) release in vitro: an acute or prolonged osmotic stimulus was used as the stimulatory agent. Material and methods: Experiments were carried out on three-month old male rats which acted as donors of isolated rat hypothalamus (Hth), neurohypophysis (NH) or hypothalamo-neurohypophysial explants (Hth-NH). The effect of Gal on OT secretion was studied under conditions of non-osmotic (i.e. K+-evoked) (series 1), direct osmotic (i.e. Na+-evoked) (series 2) or indirect osmotic stimulation (series 3; neural tissues were obtained from animals drinking 2% NaCl). OT content was determined by radioimmunoassay. Results: Galanin added into incubative media caused the inhibition of basal OT release from NH and Hth-NH explants prepared from euhydrated rats but stimulated basal and K+-stimulated OT release from the Hth tissue. Gal did not exert any influence on Na+-evoked OT secretion. We observed increased basal OT secretion from NH and K+-evoked respective OT release from Hth and Hth-NH explants taken from osmotically challenged rats under the influence of Gal. Conclusions: Present experiments in vitro show that: 1. Galanin plays the role of an inhibitory neuromodulator of OT release from the neurohypophysis; its effect is opposite at the hypothalamic level. 2. Galanin acts as the stimulatory neuromodulator of OT release in response to prolonged osmotic stimulus; an acute osmotic stimulus blocks OT-ergic neurons susceptible to Gal. (Endokrynol Pol 2013; 64 (2): 139–148

Space Law and Space Mining, Exploring New Horizons Amid COVID-19 Pandemic

This study analyses the current scenario with COVID-19 affecting the international and Thai space law, and its impacts and corresponding repercussions upon the Thai economy, ASEAN region and then at international level. The methodology adopted for this study is a mixed method with qualitative research tools collected from key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The data analysis involves the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) analysis, which has been integrated with Hierarchical Thematic areas to provide the supporting model for wholesome recommendations through analyzing the findings from the research. The key respondents involved several government officials associated with Thai space agencies and departments, along with judges, lawyers, researchers, academicians, non-government organizations (NGO) officials, and law students. The findings provided the need for adoption of Treaty leading to the creation of a space organization which would be accountable towards setting up a legal framework for commencement of space mining operations. The international space tribunal is to be created under this international space organization to resolve any disputes arising out of space mining. The overall implications of this research would lead to the sharing of the benefits of space mining with both developed and developing countries to enhance sustainable development for all mankind. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-SPER-09 Full Text: PD