From Ripe to Rotten: An Examination of the Continued Utility of the Ripeness Doctrine in Light of the Modern Standing Doctrine

First year law students are generally taught that the justiciability doctrines of standing and ripeness perform distinct functions that work together to help courts determine whether an Article III case or controversy exists in particular suits. The standing doctrine, it is said, assists courts in this inquiry by determining who can bring suit, whereas the ripeness doctrine assists them by determining when someone can bring suit. This theoretical distinction in the doctrines\u27 functions is based on the original forms the standing and ripeness doctrines took. Over the course of the past century, however, the Supreme Court has altered the standing and ripeness doctrines to a point where the doctrines now seem to serve the same function-both address the propriety of the parties and the timeliness of the suit. This Note illustrates the convergence in function of the standing and ripeness doctrines over time and argues that because the doctrines no longer perform distinct, complementary functions with regard to justiciability determinations, only one is necessary. This Note further concludes that the ripeness doctrine should merge into the modern standing doctrine, with only the standing doctrine surviving. This conclusion is supported both by the Supreme Court\u27s recognition of the similarity of the doctrines and its preference toward using standing to assess justiciability issues instead of ripeness, and a simple logical progression that illustrates the ripeness doctrine\u27s present lack of usefulness in justiciability law. Although disposing of the ripeness doctrine may seem like a dramatic change to the law of justiciability, the benefit gained by reducing unnecessary complexity in justiciability determinations far outweighs the drawback of eliminating a doctrine that no longer serves a useful purpose

Projection Device for Generating Augmented Reality User Interfaces

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a projection device that projects images onto surfaces and detects interactions with the images on the surfaces. For example, the projection device can include a projector that can project images onto a surface, a camera that can capture imagery of user interactions with the images on the surface, and a processing system (e.g., that includes one or more machine-learned models) that can process the imagery to understand the user interactions, thereby receiving user input. The images projected onto the surface can include still images, moving images, or a user interface that includes elements with which a user can interact. For example, the projection device can receive data descriptive of the user interface of a mobile device (e.g., smartphone) and can project the mobile device’s interface onto the surface of a table, thereby allowing a user to interact with the mobile device interface on the surface of the table

Efeito de dois protocolos de crioterapia sobre a temperatura da pele, em indivíduos saudáveis do sexo feminino, praticantes e não praticantes de Andebol

Trabalho de Projeto apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Fisioterapia, ramo de Fisioterapia DesportivaIntrodução: A aplicação de gelo, na forma de crioterapia, vem sendo utilizada desde os tempos da Grécia Antiga como analgésico e como contributo na redução de processos inflamatórios, após lesões musculoesqueléticas ou traumatismos. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito de dois protocolos de crioterapia na temperatura da pele, observando o comportamento de reaquecimento em atletas e não atletas, e as possíveis diferenças entre os grupos. Metodologia: A amostra foi constituída por 15 atletas de andebol do sexo feminino e por 15 voluntários do sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre 18 e 35 anos. Foi comparada a temperatura da pele antes e após a aplicação de dois protocolos de crioterapia (gelo e compressas de gel), de 5 em 5 minutos, durante 30 minutos. A temperatura da pele foi medida recorrendo a uma câmera térmica FLIR E60. Os dados foram analisados recorrendo ao teste de Friedman de duas ou mais amostras relacionadas, teste de Wilcoxon e também o teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes, considerando o nível de significância estatística o valor de p <0.05. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram não haver diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas temperaturas médias entre as modalidades de crioterapia e entre grupos. Somente foi encontrada diferença estatística ao analisar a temperatura mínima com a aplicação de gelo, nos momentos correspondentes aos minutos 10, 15 e 20 após a aplicação. As alterações significativas de temperatura durante o reaquecimento aconteceram até aos 25 minutos após a aplicação de crioterapia, tanto com o gelo como com as compressas de gel. Aos 30 minutos, a temperatura já retomou os valores aproximados das temperaturas existentes anteriores à aplicação de crioterapia. A temperatura do membro contralateral dos atletas apresentou alterações significativas aquando da aplicação de crioterapia no membro em estudo. Conclusão: Pode-se constatar que o gelo e as compressas de gel não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto à temperatura atingida após os 20 minutos de aplicação. Atletas e não atletas não apresentaram diferenças significativas no reaquecimento. Apenas os atletas evidenciaram diferenças significativas nas temperaturas entre membros imediatamente após a aplicação do gelo ou das compressas de gel. Após 30 minutos da aplicação, tanto o gelo como as compressas de gel não apresentaram diferenças significativas relativamente à temperatura inicial. Contudo, a temperatura não atingiu a temperatura anterior à aplicação nas duas modalidades de crioterapia. Introduction: The application of ice in form of cryotherapy has been being used since the Ancient Greece as an analgesic to reduce inflammation after a musculoskeletal injury or a trauma. Objective: an analysis of the effect of two protocols of cryotherapy with the temperature of the skin, observing the behavior of the heating in athletes and non-athletes and the differences of the groups. Methodology: with a sample constituted of 15 feminine handball athletes and 15 feminine sedentary volunteers, with ages between 18 and 35 years. The temperature of the skin was compared between before and after de application of two protocols of cryotherapy (ice and ice bag) and in 5 to 5 minutes, for 30 minutes. The temperature of the skin was measured by a thermic camera - FLIR E60. The data was analyzed by the Friedman test of two or more related sample, the Wilcoxon test e the Mann-Whitney test to independent samples, considering the statistic level of significance being p < 0.05. Results: the results don’t demonstrated differences statically significant between the modalities of cryotherapy and between groups. The statistic difference was only found when we analyzed the minimum temperature by cryotherapy, because there was statistics difference on the moments of 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The significant alteration of temperature during the reheating happens until the 25 minutes after the application of cryotherapy, both ice and ice bag. At 30 minutes, the temperature already went back to the approximate values of the temperatures existing before the application of cryotherapy. The temperature of the contralateral member of athletes presented significant differences. Conclusion: it can be note that the ice and the ice bag doesn’t present significant differences in the matter of the temperature reached after 20 minutes od application. Athletes and non-athletes did not present significant differences on the reheating. Only athletes presented significant differences on the temperatures between members immediately after the application of ice or the ice bag. After 30 minutes of application, both ice and ice bag didn’t present significant differences towards the initial temperature, but the temperature didn’t returned to the temperature before the application of the modalities of cryotherapy

Aspects concerning the role of coatings in the production of iron castings by the "Policast" process

The "Policast" process is already in an advanced stage of industrialisation. However some interesting areas need further investigation in order to improve the effectiveness and consistency of the process.Among them there are the problems concerning the coatings used to cover the patterns of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS). In the present study, the porosity, the external appearance of the coating layers and the setting-up of the methodology and apparatus for permeability inspection are investigated. All these parameters are strictly interconnected, and they affect the success of the resultant castings, as demonstrated by systematic testing

Pneumatization Pattern of the Frontal Recess: Relationship of the Anterior-to-Posterior Length of Frontal Isthmus and/or Frontal Recess with the Volume of Agger Nasi Cell

ObjectivesWe analyzed the pneumatization pattern of the frontal recess (FR) in a Korean population. We also determined the correlation between the volume of the agger nasi cell (ANC) and the anterior-to-posterior (A-P) length of the frontal isthmus (FI) and FR.MethodsMultiplanar paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) images from 105 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery were reviewed. The prevalence of frontal recess cells (FRCs), thickness of the frontal beak (FB), volume of the ANC, A-P length of the FI, and FR were evaluated.ResultsThe ANC was identified in 96% of the patients and frontal cells (FCs) in 32% (FC type 1, 24.2%; type 2, 4.2%; type 3, 3.1%; and type 4, 0%). The prevalences of frontal bullar, suprabullar, supraorbital ethmoidal, and interfrontal sinus septal cells were 10%, 7.8%, 3.6%, and 6.8%, respectively. The A-P lengths of the FR and FI were 10.1±3.1 and 8.4±2.9 mm, respectively. The thickness of the FB was 7.8±1.8 mm and the volume of the ANC averaged 394.1±240.5 mm3. The thickness of the FB did not correlate with the volume of the ANC. In contrast, the A-P length of the FI and FR were positively correlated with the volume of the ANC.ConclusionANCs and FCs were found in 96% and 32% of the cases in this series. FC type 4 was not seen. What appeared to be FC4 on conventional CT was identified as FBC from reconstructed parasagittal images. A large ANC increased the A-P length of the FI and FR, regardless of the thickness of the FB

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Allergic rhinitis – 2023

Background: In the 5 years that have passed since the publication of the 2018 International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (ICAR-Allergic Rhinitis 2018), the literature has expanded substantially. The ICAR-Allergic Rhinitis 2023 update presents 144 individual topics on allergic rhinitis (AR), expanded by over 40 topics from the 2018 document. Originally presented topics from 2018 have also been reviewed and updated. The executive summary highlights key evidence-based findings and recommendation from the full document. Methods: ICAR-Allergic Rhinitis 2023 employed established evidence-based review with recommendation (EBRR) methodology to individually evaluate each topic. Stepwise iterative peer review and consensus was performed for each topic. The final document was then collated and includes the results of this work. Results: ICAR-Allergic Rhinitis 2023 includes 10 major content areas and 144 individual topics related to AR. For a substantial proportion of topics included, an aggregate grade of evidence is presented, which is determined by collating the levels of evidence for each available study identified in the literature. For topics in which a diagnostic or therapeutic intervention is considered, a recommendation summary is presented, which considers the aggregate grade of evidence, benefit, harm, and cost. Conclusion: The ICAR-Allergic Rhinitis 2023 update provides a comprehensive evaluation of AR and the currently available evidence. It is this evidence that contributes to our current knowledge base and recommendations for patient evaluation and treatment

International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Critical examination of the quality and validity of available allergic rhinitis (AR) literature is necessary to improve understanding and to appropriately translate this knowledge to clinical care of the AR patient. To evaluate the existing AR literature, international multidisciplinary experts with an interest in AR have produced the International Consensus statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis (ICAR:AR). METHODS: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to AR. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review (EBR), or evidence-based review with recommendations (EBRR) format as dictated by available evidence and purpose within the ICAR:AR document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:AR document was synthesized and reviewed by all authors for consensus. RESULTS: The ICAR:AR document addresses over 100 individual topics related to AR, including diagnosis, pathophysiology, epidemiology, disease burden, risk factors for the development of AR, allergy testing modalities, treatment, and other conditions/comorbidities associated with AR. CONCLUSION: This critical review of the AR literature has identified several strengths; providers can be confident that treatment decisions are supported by rigorous studies. However, there are also substantial gaps in the AR literature. These knowledge gaps should be viewed as opportunities for improvement, as often the things that we teach and the medicine that we practice are not based on the best quality evidence. This document aims to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the AR literature to identify areas for future AR research and improved understanding

First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60 live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis shows the data to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, setting new limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon, spin-dependent WIMP-neutron, and spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross sections for WIMP masses above 9 GeV/c2. The most stringent limit is set for spin-independent scattering at 36 GeV/c2, rejecting cross sections above 9.2×10-48 cm at the 90% confidence level

A search for new physics in low-energy electron recoils from the first LZ exposure

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber. We report searches for new physics appearing through few-keV-scale electron recoils, using the experiment's first exposure of 60 live days and a fiducial mass of 5.5t. The data are found to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, and limits are set on models for new physics including solar axion electron coupling, solar neutrino magnetic moment and millicharge, and electron couplings to galactic axion-like particles and hidden photons. Similar limits are set on weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter producing signals through ionized atomic states from the Migdal effect.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures. See https://tinyurl.com/LZDataReleaseRun1ER for a data release related to this pape