Časovna komponenta reproduktivne izbire ter vprašanje človekovih pravic

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation is to contribute to better understanding of the scope of positive obligations in safeguarding specific rights related to reproduction. The first aim of the research is to determine the States’ obligations in respect of an abortion surviving child. These obligations arise from the right to life and the prohibition on inhuman treatment. The second aim is to determine the effects of temporal constraints to reproductive choice on the Conventional rights of a pregnant woman. This refers to the right to privacy. Design/Methods/Approach: Spelled objectives are mostly achieved through the case-law study method. Also, we have used a method of comparison – between exclusive and inclusive theoretical approaches to the issue. We have approached to the topic from the utilitarian positions. The scope of this research is limited only to the margins of the mother-foetal conflict. Findings: The main findings could be summarized as follows: the States’ positive obligations require providing medical care to the surviving child. Simultaneously, the temporal constraints to accessing the negative aspect of reproductive choice require the States to provide timely information to a woman. Thus, she can decide about terminating her pregnancy. Originality/Value: The conclusions may contribute to domestic thought, which mostly relies on defect utilitarian calculations when discussing the issues. The judicial bodies may benefit from this research since it highlights which measures should be imposed upon a handling practitioner. The medical stuff is provided with guidance on how to face a situation when it is overlooked in legislation.Namen prispevka: Namen prispevka je prispevati k boljšemu razumevanju pozitivnih dolžnosti pri varovanju posebnih pravic, povezanih z reprodukcijo. Prvi cilj raziskave je ugotoviti dolžnosti države pri pozni prekinitvi nosečnosti, kjer glede na različne metode prekinitve obstaja možnost, da otrok prekinitev nosečnosti preživi. Obveznosti držav članic Sveta Evrope do takega otroka se obravnavajo v sklopu pozitivnih dolžnosti, ki bremenijo države v okviru pravice do življenja in prepovedi nehumanega in ponižujočega ravnanja. Drugi cilj je ugotoviti učinke časovnih omejitev reproduktivne izbire na osnovi konvencijskih pravic nosečnic, ki so zaščitene v okviru pravice do zasebnega življenja. Metode: Navedeni cilji so v večini doseženi preko študije primerov. Uporabili smo metodo primerjave med izključujočimi in vključujočimi teoretičnimi pristopi k temu vprašanju. Pri analizi smo uporabili utilitaristični pristop. Cilj te raziskave je omejen le na mejno področje odnosa mati – zarodek. Ugotovitve: Glavne ugotovitve raziskave so naslednje: pozitivne dolžnosti države zahtevajo zagotovitev zdravstvene oskrbe za otroke, ki preživijo prekinitev nosečnosti, hkrati pa časovna omejitev pristopa k splavu nalaga državi obveznost, da nosečnici pravočasno zagotovi ustrezne informacije, na podlagi katerih se bo odločila o prekinitvi nosečnosti. Praktična uporabnost: Sklepi lahko prispevajo k oblikovanju domačih mnenj, ki večinoma temeljijo na napačnih utilitarističnih predpostavkah pri obravnavi teh vprašanj. Raziskava je lahko uporabna tudi za pravosodne organe, saj izpostavlja ukrepe, ki bi morali biti uvedeni zoper odgovorne zdravnike. Medicinsko osebje se lahko v prispevku seznani z navodili, kako ukrepati v primerih, ki so spregledani v zakonodaji

Makrolidni antibiotici – strukturne značajke

Antibiotici koji sadrže makrociklički laktonski prsten na koji su najčešće α-L i β-D glikozidnim vezama vezane jedna do tri molekule šećera, među kojima se obično susreću aminošećeri i neutralni šećeri, nazivaju se makrolidni antibiotici. Razlikuju se prirodni i polusintetski makrolidi. U principu, radi se o 12, 14 ili 16-eročlanim laktonskim prstenovima. Makrolidi selektivno djeluju na bakterijske ribosome reverzibilnim vezanjem za podjedinice 50S. U bakterijskom protoplastu koče sintezu proteina inhibirajući aktivnost peptidil-transferaznog centra koji stvara peptidne veze između aminokiselina. Visoka učinkovitost i sigurnost makrolida, kao i njihova upotreba kao alternativna terapija za pacijente intolerantne na penicilin, učinila ih je često korištenim lijekovima. Široka upotreba tih antibiotika neizbježno je dovela do širenja otpornih sojeva. Eritromicin A je glavni predstavnik makrolida i prvi klinički korišteni makrolidni antibiotik. Pojava rezistencije i osjetljivosti same eritromicinske baze u kiselom mediju doveli su do istraživanja i sinteze novih derivata eritromicina A s povećanom stabilnošću u kiselom mediju, produljenom biološkom poluživotu i zadržanom antimikrobnom aktivnošću. Takvi spojevi su 14-eročlani polusintetski makrolidni antibiotici (roksitromicin, klaritromicin, diritromicin i ostali), azitromicin i ketolidi. Azitromicin je 15-eročlani makrolidni antibiotik, glavni predstavnik klase azalida, kojeg je razvio tim hrvatskih znanstvenika iz tvornice lijekova PLIVA. Karakterizira ga metil-supstituirani atom dušika umetnut u aglikon eritromicina A i širok spektar djelovanja. Ketolidi su nova klasa makrolidnih antibiotika izvedena iz eritromicina A zamjenom šećera kladinoze s karbonilnom skupinom i vezanjem cikličkog karbamata u laktonski prsten. Ove modifikacije daju ketolidima mnogo širi spektar djelovanja od ostalih makrolida i veću učinkovitost protiv rezistentnih bakterija. Prvi klinički korišteni ketolid je telitromicin. Danas su u kliničkoj upotrebi i 16-eročlani makrolidni antibiotici poput josamicina i spiramicina. Iako imaju sličan antibakterijski profil, 16-eročlani makrolidi pokazuju neke prednosti u odnosu na ostale makrolide, uključujući bolju aktivnost protiv određenih rezistentnih bakterija i agresivniju inhibiciju sinteze proteina zbog dodatnih interakcija s ribosomom. Danas se intenzivno istražuju novi, jednostavniji i jeftiniji načini sinteze makrolidnih antibiotika kako bi se održao korak s bakterijskom rezistencijom. Nedavno je otkriveno da makrolidi posjeduju protuupalno djelovanje. To je polje još neistraženo i predstavlja budućnost ove klase lijekova

NEW PERSPECTIVES ON TRANSGENDER HEALTH IN THE FORTHCOMING 11TH REVISION OF THE INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND RELATED HEALTH PROBLEMS: AN OVERVIEW OF GENDER - DEPATHOLOGIZATION, CONSIDERATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTITIONERS

On June 18th, 2018, the World Health Organization officially released its new International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) for preview; it was presented on World Health Assembly in May 2019 for adoption by Member States. Since ICD 11 is planned to come into effect and be officially used as from January 1st, 2022, this early sneak peek allows health care professionals enough time to prepare for the new classification and all the changes it brings along. ICD 11 moves away from stigmatizing practices of psychiatrization of transgender persons and finally excludes issues of gender identity from the chapter on mental and behavioral disorders. This reconceptualization consequently sets the stage for different roles of psychiatrists in meeting transgender patients\u27 health care needs. This article addresses the most important changes to the ICD related to Gender incongruence, a new nosological entity formerly known as Gender Identity Disorder or Gender Dysphoria. The paper offers an overview of the current and future positions of transgender health issues through contemporary medical conceptualization and classification. It aims to eliminate barriers to quality care for transgender patients, by attending to the recognized knowledge gaps and by providing recommendations for psychiatrists and other health care professionals who commonly receive low levels of exposure to transgender content in their education

Experimental observation of impossible-to-beat quantum advantage on a hybrid photonic system

Quantum resources outperform classical ones for certain communication and computational tasks. Remarkably, in some cases, the quantum advantage cannot be improved using hypothetical postquantum resources. A class of tasks with this property can be singled out using graph theory. Here we report the experimental observation of an impossible-to-beat quantum advantage on a four-dimensional quantum system defined by the polarization and orbital angular momentum of a single photon. The results show pristine evidence of the quantum advantage and are compatible with the maximum advantage allowed using postquantum resources.Comment: REVTeX4, 5 pages, 2 figure