The Impasse of International Law on Climate-Induced Migration: Recent Developments and the United Nation's January 2020 Decision on Climate Refugees

This paper aims to lay out the challenges and potentially fatal conflicts inherent in the emerging attempts to respect state sovereignty while crafting progressive and truly responsive sets of approaches to a sui generis global problem like the climate crisis. It examines general approaches and practices on climate refugees within the scope of a critical legal framework, taking as an example the 'Ioane Teitiota' case that attracted public attention as an international issue starting in 2013. In addition, we will examine from a legal viewpoint and with an eye to future consequences, the January 2020 United Nations' historical decision on climate refugees. We adopt Martti Koskennimi's terms, ascending and descending justifications, to show the oscillation that the legal mind experiences in between order and will. In this paper, we will claim that the legal mind fights a battle that eventually ends up with a deadlock due to the very structure of modern law

EU’s Educational Policy and Norm-Building in Candidate Countries: The Case of Erasmus+ in Turkey

This article analyzes the impact of the EU s educational policy on the construction of European norms and identity in candidate countries One significant tool of educational policy in this respect is the exchange programs which are now combined under the single framework of Erasmus and in order the determine the relationship between educational policy and norm-building the article conducts a case study in an English-speaking state university located in Central Anatolia Turkey on the participants who benefited from the Erasmus exchange The study shows that EU S educational policy is a major tool in terms of stimulating social learning in candidate countries and preparing them for adaptation and diffusion of European norms and identit

Evaluation of the awareness of dental students in Turkey regarding the use of fluoride during preclinical education

Objective: Recently, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) containing silver and fluoride ions has been applied topically. However, it has been observed that negative articles in the local press, especially suggesting that fluoride applications cause toxic effects in children and even lead to cognitive delays, have influenced individuals' perspectives and preferences regarding fluoride-containing products. This study aims to assess the knowledge and perspectives of dental students who are just beginning their dental education and have not yet had any clinical experience on the topic of fluoride. Materials and Methods: A 15-question survey was prepared, inspired by previous publications. It was distributed to 1st and 2nd-year dental students via online platforms, and participation was based on voluntariness. Results: Of the students who participated in the survey, 55.6% were female, and 53.1% were in their second year. There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of answers to questions such as what do you know about fluoride depending on which year the students are in, have you ever heard of brushing teeth with fluoride toothpaste (at least 1000 ppm) twice a day for children using an age-appropriate amount of paste, and do you think you have adequate knowledge about fluorosis (p<0.001). Conclusions: There is a need for more information on this subject. Another reason for this is believed to be the fact that pediatric dentistry courses start only after the second year

Analysis of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores from different sporulation media subjected to wet-heat

The presence of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris endospores in fruit juices is a significant problem for the juice industry since they are able to survive pasteurization subsequently leading to the spoilage. To evaluate the mechanism of wet-heat, structural damage and the leakages of intracellular materials of A. acidoterrestris DSM 3922 spores from different sporulation media was studied at 90°C (15-45 min). For sporulation, Bacillus acidoterrestris agar, Bacillus acidocaldarius agar, potato dextrose agar and malt extract agar were used. Based on the scanning electron microscopy, loss of internal volume and structural integrity were observed following heating which were further confirmed by the leakages of intracellular components. The obtained results suggest that the inactivation of A. acidoterrestris DSM 3922 spores by wet-heat is associated with damage to the coat and inner membrane depending on the sporulation medium composition and heating time

Release of Bet v 1 from birch pollen from 5 European countries. Results from the HIALINE study

Exposure to allergens is pivotal in determining sensitization and allergic symptoms in individuals. Pollen grain counts in ambient air have traditionally been assessed to estimate airborne allergen exposure. However, the exact allergen content of ambient air is unknown. We therefore monitored atmospheric concentrations of birch pollen grains and the matched major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 simultaneously across Europe within the EU-funded project HIALINE (Health Impacts of Airborne Allergen Information Network). Pollen count was assessed with Hirst type pollen traps at 10 l min 1 at sites in France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Finland. Allergen concentrations in ambient air were sampled at 800 l min 1 with a Chemvol high-volume cascade impactor equipped with stages PM > 10 mm, 10 mm > PM > 2.5 mm, and in Germany also 2.5 mm > PM > 0.12 mm. The major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 was determined with an allergen specific ELISA. Bet v 1 isoform patterns were analyzed by 2D-SDS-PAGE blots and mass spectrometric identification. Basophil activation was tested in an Fc 3R1-humanized rat basophil cell line passively sensitized with serum of a birch pollen symptomatic patient. Compared to 10 previous years, 2009 was a representative birch pollen season for all stations. About 90% of the allergen was found in the PM > 10 mm fraction at all stations. Bet v 1 isoforms pattern did not vary substantially neither during ripening of pollen nor between different geographical locations. The average European allergen release from birch pollen was 3.2 pg Bet v 1/pollen and did not vary much between the European countries. However, in all countries a >10-fold difference in daily allergen release per pollen was measured which could be explained by long-range transport of pollen with a deviating allergen release. Basophil activation by ambient air extracts correlated better with airborne allergen than with pollen concentration. Although Bet v 1 is a mixture of different isoforms, its fingerprint is constant across Europe. Bet v 1 was also exclusively linked to pollen. Pollen from different days varied >10-fold in allergen release. Thus exposure to allergen is inaccurately monitored by only monitoring birch pollen grains. Indeed, a humanized basophil activation test correlated much better with allergen concentrations in ambient air than with pollen count. Monitoring the allergens themselves together with pollen in ambient air might be an improvement in allergen exposure assessmen