New type of antiferromagnetic polaron and bipolaron in HTc - superconductors

The possibility of formation of a new type of polaron based on the quantum aniferromagnet (AF) model is reported. We take into account exchange interactions between localized d-d spins of the AF, as well as the p-d interaction of the AF with p-carriers. The energy minimum is found when maximum charge density occurs on every second spin. The formation of such ``comb''-like polarons results from the damping of quantum fluctuations and the appearance of Van Vleck-like staggered magnetization. Such polarons tend to form pairs coupled by an AF ``glue''.Comment: 3 pages 2 figure

ALLOY BROADENING OF THE NEAR-GAP LUMINESCENCE AND THE NATURAL BAND OFFSET IN SEMICONDUCTOR ALLOYS

The inhomogeneous broadening of the near-gap emission (bound excitons (BE) and conduction-band to acceptor (CA)) in semiconductor alloys is reanalysed using the Markoff statistical theory for fluctuations of alloy composition. We give the exact relationship between the linewidth and the Bohr radius of the bound particle. The results of our theory indicate that even in the best GaAlAs samples there is still a significant contribution from other broadening mechanisms. We also show that the linewidth ratio of the CA to BE emission lines may provide a good estimate of the natural band offset in the alloy

People with Disabilities in Armed Conflict

During armed conflict, people with disabilities are victims of a vicious cycle of violence, social polarization, deteriorating services and deepening poverty. They are among the most marginalized and excluded part of the population affected by the armed conflict. They are at greater risk in situations of conflict, most likely to be left behind when populations flee and also at greater risk of violence and discrimination. The international normative framework related to people with disabilities in armed conflicts is mainly based on human rights law and international humanitarian law. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities moves the meaning of disability from regarding persons with disabilities as objects of medical care and charity to recognizing them as subjects with rights. There is still a long way to go in effectively protecting disabled people during armed conflicts. It seems that legal norms in this respect are sufficiently precise. But as often happens, the executive fails. The international community has a highly developed sense of solidarity and empathy for those in need. However, we are constantly observing many imperfections and shortcomings in the procedures and mechanisms of humanitarian aid [email protected], Lecturer, at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Lomza State University of Applied Sciences (Poland).Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, PolandAdvisory opinion of ICJ, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, ICJ Reports par 70. (1996 July 8).Aust, A. (1986). The Theory and Practice of International Instruments. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 35(4), 787-812.Baxter, R. (1980). International law in “Her Infinite Variety”. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 29, 549-566.Bierzanek, R. (1987). Miękkie prawo międzynarodowe [International Soft Law]. Sprawy międzynarodowe, 1, 91-106.Bothe, M. (1980). Legal and NonLegal norms: A Meaningful Distinction in International Relations?, Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 11, 65-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0167676800002725.Bouvier A., & Dutli, M.T. (1996). Children In Armed Conflict. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 4(2), 115-212.Chinkin, Ch. (1988-1989). General Perspective to the International Use of Force. Australian Yearbook of International Law, 12, 279-293.Cohn J., & Goodwin-Gill, G. (1994). Child Soldiers. The Role of Children In Armed Conflicts, A Study on Behalf of the Henry Dunant. Institute. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CRDP. Statement on disability inclusion for the World Humanitarian Summit - Adopted at the CRPD 14th Session (17 August-4 September 2015). Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/CRPDStatements.aspx [accessed on 12.09.2019].Delissen, A.J.M. (1991). Legal Protection of Child-Combatant after the Protocols: Reaffirmation, Development or a Step Backwords In: A.J.M. Delissen & G.J. Tan (Eds.), Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict: Challenges Ahead; Essays in Honour of F. Kalshoven (pp. 153-164). Dordrecht, Netherlands; Boston, Mass., M. Nijhoff: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Devandas, C., Barriga, S., & Quinn, G. (2017). Ochrona osób cywilnych z niesprawnościami w warunkach konfliktu [Protection of civilians with disabilities during armed conflict]. Przegląd NATO [NATO Review]. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/docu/review/2017/Also-in-2017/Protecting-civilians-with-disabilities-in-conflicts/PL/index.htm [accessed on 12.09.2019].Gardam, J. (1998). Women, human rights and international humanitarian law. International Review of the Red Cross, 324, 421-432. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020860400091221.Gold, J. (1983). Strengthening the Soft International Law of Exchange Agreements. American Journal of International Law, 77, 443-489. https://doi.org/10.2307/2201074.Hoof, G.J.H. (1983). Rethinking the sources of international law. Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers.HRC. Thematic study on the rights of persons with disabilities under article 11 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, on situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies. Report of the United nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015, November 30) A/HRC/31/30.IV Konwencja genewska dotycząca ochrony ludności cywilnej [IV Geneva Convention of the protection of civilian population], 1949, August 12 (Journal of Laws of 1956, no. 38, item 179).Klabbers, J. (1996). The Concept of Treaty of International Law. The Hague, London, Boston: Kluwer Law International.Konwencja o prawach osób niepełnosprawnych [Convention on the rights of disabled people, 2006, December 13 (Journal of Laws of 2012, item 1169).Lachs, M. (1963). Współczesne organizacje międzynarodowe i rozwój prawa międzynarodowego [Contemporary International organizations and the development of international law]. Państwo i Prawo, 12, 823-830.Morris, M. (1996). By Force of Arms: Rape, War and Military Culture. Duke Law Journal, 45(4), 651-781. https://doi.org/10.2307/1372997.Protokół dodatkowy I do konwencji genewskich z 12 sierpnia 1949 r. dotyczący ochrony ofiar międzynarodowych konfliktów zbrojnych, podpisany w Genewie 12 grudnia 1977 [Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, Protocol I, 1977, June 8 (Journal of Laws of 1992, no. 4, item 175).Protokół dodatkowy II do konwencji genewskich z 12 sierpnia 1949 r. Dotyczący ochrony ofiar niemiedzynarodowych konfliktówn zbrojnych, podpisany w Genewie 12 grudnia 1977 [Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non International Armed Conflicts, Protocol I], 1977, June 8 (Journal of Laws of 1992, no. 4, item 175).Resolution of the UN Security Council (2019, June 20 ) S/RES/2475.Sassoli, M. (1987). The National Information Bureau in aid of the victims of armed conflicts. International Review of the Red Cross, 256, 6-24.Thomas, E. (2018). Children with disabilities in situations of armed conflict. Discussion paper. New York: UNICEFUN. Security Council Unanimously Adopts Resolution 2475 (2019), Ground-Breaking Text on Protection of Persons with Disabilities in Conflict. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sc13851.doc.htm [accessed on 12.09.2019].UNGA. Humanitarian assistance and rehabilitation for El Salvador and Guatemala (2005, December 22), A/RES/60/220.UNGA. Humanitarian assistance and rehabilitation In Ethiopia (2005, February 8), A/RES/59/217.UNGA. Humanitarian assistance and rehabilitation in Ethiopia (2006, March 31), A/RES/60/218.UNGA. Strengthening emergency relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and prevention in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster (2005, November 14), A/RES60/15;UNGA. Strengthening emergency relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and prevention in Pakistan in the aftermath of the South Asian earthquake disaster (2005, November 14), A/RES/60/13.UNHCR. Thematic study on the rights of persons with disabilities under article 11 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, on situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies. Report of the Office of the UNHCHR, 30.11.2015, A/HCR/31/30.32435

Optical pumping of the electron spin polarization in bulk CuCl

In CuCl bulk crystal negatively charged excitons (trions $X^-$) can be induced by the resonant optical excitation of extra electrons in conduction band minimum. In the case of light polarization and due to the top valence band structure of CuCl only the electrons with spin antiparallel to the direction of the light propagation contribute to the formation of $X^-$, while the emerging $X^-$ can recombine into both possible electron states, with spin parallel and antiparallel to the direction of light propagation. We propose to use this mechanism for optical electronic spin pumping. We describe the dynamics of pumping in terms of density matrix formalism. The coherent pumping laser pulse propagating through the sample is described by Maxwell wave equation coupled to the density matrix evolution equations. The results of our approximate simple model calculations suggest that spin polarization close to 100% can be achieved in time shorter than 100ps.Comment: new extended version, 7 pages, 4 figure

Aluminum Anodic Oxide AAO as a Template for Formation of Metal Nanostructures

The aim of the chapter is to describe the applications of AAO as a template in metal nanostructures formation and to present the experimental results obtained by authors in this field. The basic mechanism of the process of anodic oxidation of aluminum was described. The influence of oxidation parameters on the AAO structure was discussed. The processes of electrochemical metal deposition in AAO were described. The main present as well as future applications of metal nanostructures formed were listed

Shape description of MR brain images

The paper provides a classification of shape representation and description techniques and areview of some of the most important techniques. We examine shape description techniques on thereconstructed boundaries of brain structures (white matter) in the magnetic-resonance (MR)images using the Fourier descriptors for various frequency components in order to characterizebrain structures

Fractal feature analysis of the human brain structures in neuroanatomy changes

The paper presents a method to examine brain structures in neuroanatomy changes which result in dementia in magnetic resonance images by using fractal analysis techniques. We measured the relationship between the fractal dimensions of white matter and grey brain matter and the relationship between the fractal dimensions of the forebrain and the white brain matter. The investigation showed that the relationship between the fractal dimensions of brain in neuroanatomy changes differ from that in the normal brain