Pourquoi la linguistique romane n'est pas soluble en linguistiques idioromanes. Le témoignage du <i>Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman</i> (DÉRom)

El presente artículo (« Por qué la lingüística romance no se puede disolver en lingüísticas idioromances. Testimonio del Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman [DÉRom] ») constituye un alegato en favor de la lingüística románica desde el punto de vista de la etimología del léxico hereditario. La autora invoca cuatro argumentos : (1) en el dominio del léxico popular, no puede existir etimología idiorománica ; (2) la etimología romance proporciona la imprescindible visión de conjunto ; (3) la etimología romance permite resolver aporías de las etimologías idioromances ; (4) el marco romance estimula la investigación idioromance. Al final la autora aboga por un vaivén fructífero entre lingüística idiorománica y panrománica.Cet article constitue un plaidoyer en faveur de la linguistique romane du point de vue de l'étymologie du lexique héréditaire. L'auteure donne quatre arguments : (1) Dans le domaine du lexique héréditaire, il n'existe pas d'étymologie idioromane ; (2) l'étymologie romane assure la nécessaire vue d'ensemble ; (3) l'étymologie romane fait sauter les verrous des étymologies idioromanes ; (4) la visée romane stimule la recherche idioromane. En conclusion, l'auteure plaide pour un va-et-vient fructueux entre linguistique idioromane et panromane

Bioconversion of Palm Kernel Cake and its Evaluation as an Aquafeed Ingredient

Palm kernel cake (PKC) is one of the by-products of the oil palm industry. Malaysia being the world's largest producer of oil palm produces over a million tones of PKC annually. Traditionally, PKC is used as an ingredient in ruminant feed and its use for non-ruminants is usually in low amounts due to problems of digestibility. In this study, an attempt was made to microbially enrich the PKC protein content using: Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Aspergillus niger and Sclerotium rolfsii fungi. In the solid-state fermentation (SSF), effects of inoculum concentrations (1, 2 and 3%), moisture levels (41, 44 and 47%) and pH levels (3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0) were evaluated. Protein content of PKC increased significantly (P<0.05) coupled with a significant reduction in cellulose and hemicellulose contents by all the fungi used. The highest protein increase of 33% was obtained using T. longibrachiatum fermented PKC compared with 18% in unfermented PKC. The effect of moisture content was more critical compared to pH. Fermentation increased the analysed total amino acids (14 to 25%) and mostly the unsaturated ones (oleic and linoleic acids)

La pragmaticalisation de l'adverbe <i>enfin</i> du point de vue des romanistes (“Enfin, de celui des francisants qui conçoivent leur recherche dans le cadre de la linguistique romane”)

International audienceSur la base d'une analyse philologique des données françaises depuis le Moyen Âge, complétée par la comparaison intra-romane, cette communication propose un nouveau scénario de l'échelonnement diachronique des principaux emplois de enfin, qu'il s'agisse de ses deux valeurs grammaticales (enfin temporel et enfin aspectuel) ou de ses six valeurs pragmatiques (enfin épistémique, récapitulatif, énumératif, rectificatif, performatif et réprobateur). De façon quelque peu inattendue, ce travail invite en outre à proposer une étymologie inédite pour le marqueur enfin : contrairement à ce qui est affirmé par les ouvrages de référence, enfin ne semble pas représenter un composé formé en français, mais appartenir au lexique héréditaire

Étymologie-origine et étymologie-histoire dans le DÉRom (<i>Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman</i>). Coup de projecteur sur quelques trouvailles du domaine roumain

Cet article exploite les résultats de recherche qui se dégagent pour l'étymologie roumaine de six articles du DÉRom : */a'gUst-u/, */a'pril-e/, */a'pril-i-u/, */Fe'Brari-u/, */'mai-u/ et */'mart-i-u/

"Lexicographers of all countries, unite!" About the common semester of the European Master in Lexicography (EMLex) in Nancy

International audienc

Terpenes. IX. The Conversion of Sclareol to Manool

Acetylation of sclareol with acetic anhydride in the presence o.f pyridine gives mainly sclareoldiacetate and manoolacetate. Reduction of the latter with lithium aluminum hydride yields manool. The stereochemistry of the two diterpenes is discussed

LEO Ground Segment Testing: Addressing the Challenge

The rise of new Non-Geostationary Orbit (NGSO) satellite constellations requires dynamic tracking and seamless handover from one satellite to another without causing interruptions or signal degradations. This trend is increasing the complexity of the ground segment that is now adapting first with the reutilization of existing on-the-move tracking technology and moving into new developments of commercially viable electronically steered antennas (ESA). The issue investigated is the lack of clear guidelines on testing the performance of such antennas, which are not currently standardized. The testing procedure is a qualification methodology for muti orbit tracking antennas based on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) technology with capabilities of measuring antenna characteristics (patterns, gain, polarization purity), and emulating discrete satellite passes where both motion and signal properties are manipulated so that a full validation could be completed anywhere in the world. The procedure is valid for both user terminals and gateways operating on all orbit types, and it covers all antenna design types, such as mechanical parabolic and electronic steerable antennas. The UAV is equipped with RF transceivers and directional antennas operating over a wide frequency range. The proposed test, measurement and calibration scenarios are possible by positioning these payloads precisely around an antenna under test (AUT) and programming the SDR based transceiver to emulate the same signal signatures as a satellite would do

DEVELOPMENT OF ZOLMITRIPTAN MOUTH DISSOLVING FILMS: FORMULATION VARIABLES, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, AND IN VITRO DRUG RELEASE STUDIES

Objective: The objective of the present investigation is to prepare zolmitriptan (ZOL) mouth dissolving films (MDFs) and to investigate the influence of formulation variables on physicomechanical, chemical, and drug release properties of the prepared MDFs. Methods: The MDFs were prepared by solvent casting technique using wet film applicator. The impact of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose of different viscosity grades (hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose [HPMC] E3, E5, and E15), plasticizers (glycerol and polyethylene glycol [PEG]-400), and solubilizing agents (polyvinyl pyrrolidone [PVP K30] and sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS]) on physicomechanical, chemical, and drug release properties were evaluated. The MDFs were also characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffractometry studies. Results: The MDFs prepared were transparent and smooth and showed no recrystallization. The tensile strength of the MDFs increased significantly with an increase in polymer viscosities, and about a 2.63-fold increase in tensile strength was observed for HPMC E15 MDFs compared to E3, whereas an increase in film thickness resulted in brittle MDFs with low tensile strength. Similar results were observed with percent elongation and folding endurance of the MDFs. In vitro, drug release studies indicate that higher film thickness and polymer viscosities delayed the MDF disintegration and, in turn, the ZOL release. Addition of PVP K30 and SLS to HPMC E3 formulations resulted in 1.66- and 1.53-fold increase in ZOL release rates. Conclusion: Overall, F7 formulation showed quicker disintegration (within 11 s) and ZOL release rates (within 180 s) along with good physicomechanical properties. These results indicated that the disintegration and drug release of ZOL can be enhanced to a greater extent by optimizing formulation variables in MDFs

Soji Cole’s Embers and its implications for critical thinking and development

Reading literary texts help us develop critical thinking skills, but this fact is taken for granted in literary education by both teachers and students alike and this is the problem projected by the paper. Critical thinking itself trains our minds toward solving a problem and the ability to solve the problems that life presents is the key to success, according to Robert Harris. The objective of this paper is to show that with literary texts, readers and students can be taught to think critically. To demonstrate this, Bobkina and Stefanova’s four-stage model, Situated Practice Stage, The Overt Instruction Stage, The Critical Framing Stage, and Transformed Practice Stage, of using fiction to teach critical thinking were used. It was concluded that the human mind or brain uses the simulation effect as in computers to orientate itself to social realities as reflected in literary texts and that as a result, literary texts are very effective in cultivating critical thinking skills in us

Changing prevalence of prenatal substance abuse in Utah.

Journal ArticleOBJECTIVE: To estimate the current prevalence of prenatal exposure to methamphetamines and other drugs of abuse among infants born in Utah and compare the results with those of a maternal substance abuse prevalence study performed in 1991 in the same geographic area. METHODS: Thirteen well baby nurseries in calendar year 2000 and six neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in 2001-2002 collected anonymous meconium samples and associated, but nonidentifiable, demographic data on consecutively born infants. Samples were screened by enzyme immunoassay and confirmed by gas chromotography/mass spectroscopy for methamphetamines, cannabinoids, and benzoylecognine. RESULTS: Meconium samples were collected from 1202 well baby nursery infants and 317 NICU infants. There were no significant differences in the rates of positivity for methamphetamines (0.6% versus 0.4%) or marijuana (2.9% versus 1.8%) between the 1991 and 2000/2001 studies. Cocaine prevalence declined from 1.1% in 1991 to 0.3% in 2000/2001 (P =.04). The prevalence of positivity for any of these three drugs declined over the 10-year period from 4.4% to 2.4% (P =.02). The prevalence for positivity for any of these three drugs was higher in the NICUs (4.7%) than in the well baby nurseries (1.9%, P =.008). CONCLUSION: The rate of drug-positive infants declined during the decade of the 1990s in a geographic area that is experiencing a sharp rise in the use of methamphetamine among women of childbearing age. Further studies that focus on women of childbearing age who use methamphetamine may help determine factors that impact their drug use during pregnancy and after the infant is born