132 research outputs found

    Reality and appearance

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    Development of the Environmental Science Place-Based Curriculum to Promote Environmental Literacy: A Case Study in Rayong Province

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­ 1) āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļ™ āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ 2) āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļŊ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ•āļīāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļąāļ˜āļĒāļĄāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ 3 āļ›āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē 2560 āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĨāļ° 1 āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 28  āđāļĨāļ° 27  āļ„āļ™ āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš āđāļœāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļāļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļāđˆāļ­āļ™â€“āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļ™ āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđāļšāļšāļ§āļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ„āđˆāļēāđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒ āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āđ€āļšāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļšāļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļ°āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļ°āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļąāļ™ āļœāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāđ‚āļĒāļ‡āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŦāļēāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļąāļšāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļ™āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ­āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰ 8 āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ™āļąāļāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļĨāļ° 78.6 āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļ­āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ› āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ āļēāļžāļĢāļ§āļĄ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ•āļīāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš 0.05 āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āđ€āļ‰āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļš 0.05 āđāļ•āđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđāļ•āļāļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ   āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ•āļīāļ›āļąāļāļāļēāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļˆāļĢāļīāļĒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ­āļ‡Â ABSTRACT The purposes of this research were 1) to develop a place-based environmental science curriculum to promote environmental literacy for the 9th grade students and 2) to study the effectiveness of place-based environmental science curriculum on students’ environmental literacy. The research samples were the 9th grade students who were studying basic science in 2017 academic year from a school in Rayong province. The samples were two classrooms. One classroom was an experimental group (28 students) and the other was a control group (27 students). The research design was a control group pretest–posttest design. Research instruments consisted of place-based environmental science curriculum and environmental literacy test. The data was analyzed by using mean, standard deviation, t–test for dependent sample and t–test for independent sample. The place-based environmental science curriculum is a curriculum that integrated science contents with local context situated in Rayong province. The learning process consisted of 8 steps aligned with the principles of placed-based education. The results indicated that 78.6 percent of the students in an experimental group were at moderate level of environmental literacy and above. The student’s mean score of environmental literacy in overall, environmental knowledge, and environmental cognitive skills after learning with place-based curriculum were significantly higher than before learning and control group (P<0.05). The environmental ethics of students in an experimental group after learning was higher than before learning, but not significantly different (P>0.05) compared with control group.   Keywords: Place–based curriculum, Environmental literacy, Environmental Knowledge, Environmental Ethics, Environmental Cognitive Skills, Rayong provinc

    Antidepressant/Anxiolytic and Anti-Nociceptive Effects of Novel 2-Substituted 1,4-Benzodiazepine-2-ones

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    Oxazepam (4a) has been used as overall starting material in the synthesis of novel 2-substituted 1,4-benzodiazepines

    Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenol over Highly Visible-Light Active BiOI/TiO2 Nanocomposite Photocatalyst

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    BiOI/TiO2 nanocomposites were successfully prepared by the two-step method, co-precipitation/solvothermal method. The amount of BiOI in the composites were varied as 0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mol%. XRD results exhibited sharp and narrow diffraction peaks of both BiOI and TiO2 in all composite samples. Morphologies of as-prepared samples consisted of spherical shapes of TiO2 and nanosheets of BiOI. Difuse Reflectance UV-visible (DR-UV-vis) spectra of composites drastically shifted into the visible range and the reduced band gap energies were observed. The composits obviously showed an enhanced phenol degradation of ca. 6 times higher than that of pure BiOI, pure TiO2 and Degussa P25. The maximum photocatalytic activity of ca. 68% was found for 10.0 mol% BiOI/TiO2 nanocomposite because of its increased visible-light-harvesting ability and its efficient electron-hole separation efficiency as observed from DR-UV-vis and PL spectra results

    āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđāļšāļšāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ™āļģāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ•āļģāļšāļĨ (Family Strength Research and Development through Participatory Learning Process of Tambon Administrative Organization Leaders)

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    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The objectives of this research are to study community readiness for development (herein referring to the development of Family strength) in villages under the Tambon Khok Khi Non Administrative Organization, and to construct the Family strength training program through participatory learning process of Tambon Khok Khi Non Administrative Organization leaders by utilizing the Family strength conceptual framework (David Olson et al. 1982). The researcher collected data on community readiness from 356 residents of 5 villages under the Tambon Khok Khi Non Administrative Organization, using community readiness questionnaires; the result of which showed that all 5 villages possess medium levels of community readiness. For construction of training program, the researcher employed in-depth interviews and focus group discussion forums to examine factors related to Family strength, characteristics of Family strength, and development of Family strength; in combination with use of participatory action research on the president and members of Tambon Khok Khi Non Administrative Organization and their families -5 families-(husbands and wives only) to acquire guidelines for the development of Family strength training program. The researcher compiled the data obtained and integrated with theoretical concepts from literature reviews to construct the training program for development of Family strength in accordance with Family strength conceptual factors of Olson et al. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The constructed training program comprises 7 main modules: - 1) Ideal family, 2) knowledge of Family strength, 3) knowledge of Family strength concepts and models, 4) Guidelines for development of cohesion components (with 6 sub-modules), 5) Guidelines for development of flexibility components (with 4 sub-modules), 6) Guidelines for development of communication components(with 4 sub-modules), and 7) Result monitoring &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Test application of the training program through a one-group, pre-test and post-test format, revealed that participants achieved higher scores on Family strength Questionnaires after training (t = 18.33, p-value< .05); indicating that the training program constructed is effective and can be applied in real situation. Keywords: Family Strength, Participatory Learning &nbsp;āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļœāļđāđ‰āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē (āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ™āļĩāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ—āļģāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļŦāļĄāļđāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ•āļģāļšāļĨāđ‚āļ„āļāļ‚āļĩāđ‰āļŦāļ™āļ­āļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļœāđˆāļēāļ™āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđāļšāļšāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ™āļģāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ•āļģāļšāļĨāđ‚āļ„āļāļ‚āļĩāđ‰āļŦāļ™āļ­āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļĢāļ­āļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ”āļ§āļīāļ” āļ­āļ­āļĨāļ‹āļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ“āļ° (Olson et al, 1982) āļœāļđāđ‰āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨ āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āđƒāļ™āļŦāļĄāļđāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļąāļ”āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ•āļģāļšāļĨāđ‚āļ„āļāļ‚āļĩāđ‰āļŦāļ™āļ­āļ™ 5 āļŦāļĄāļđāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™ āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 356 āļ„āļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļšāļšāļŠāļ­āļšāļ–āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļšāļœāļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡ 5 āļŦāļĄāļđāđˆāļšāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļĄāļŠāļ™āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ›āļēāļ™āļāļĨāļēāļ‡ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļœāļđāđ‰āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒ āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļ“āđŒāđāļšāļšāđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļĨāļķāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ™āļ—āļ™āļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ–āļķāļ‡āļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļąāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§ āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđ€āļŠāļīāļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāđāļšāļšāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāļ™āļēāļĒāļāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļĄāļēāļŠāļīāļāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ•āļģāļšāļĨāđ‚āļ„āļāļ‚āļĩāđ‰āļŦāļ™āļ­āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§ (āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļŠāļēāļĄāļĩ āļ āļĢāļĢāļĒāļē) āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 5 āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļ™āļģāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĄāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļ§āļĨāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ—āļĪāļĐāļŽāļĩāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āđ€āļ­āļāļŠāļēāļĢ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļ™āļģāļĄāļēāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āļ•āļēāļĄāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļ­āļ­āļĨāļ‹āļąāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ“āļ° āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ 7 āđ‚āļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļŦāļĨāļąāļ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ 1) āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđƒāļ™āļ­āļļāļ”āļĄāļ„āļ•āļī 2) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ 3) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāđāļ™āļ§āļ„āļīāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ 4) āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļķāļ”āđ€āļŦāļ™āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™ (āļĄāļĩ 6 āđ‚āļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ) 5) āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļ·āļ”āļŦāļĒāļļāđˆāļ™ ( āļĄāļĩ 4 āđ‚āļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ) 6) āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ—āļąāļāļĐāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļēāļĢ (āļĄāļĩ 4 āđ‚āļĄāļ”āļļāļĨāļĒāđˆāļ­āļĒ) 7) āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļœāļĨ āļœāļĨāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ™āļģāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāđ„āļ›āļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŠāđ‰āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđāļšāļšāđāļœāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§ āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāđˆāļ­āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡ āļžāļšāļ§āđˆāļē āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļˆāļēāļāđāļšāļšāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ (t = 18.33, p-value< .05) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļđāļ•āļĢāļāļķāļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļđāđ‰āļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ‡āļēāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡ āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡ āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ™āļĢāļđāđ‰āđāļšāļšāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§
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