376 research outputs found

    Le modùle de 'l'État-stratùge':Genùse d'une forme organisationnelle dans l'administration française

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    Cet article retrace la genĂšse d'une nouvelle forme d'organisation du systĂšme administratif en France, dĂ©signĂ©e sous le nom d'« État-stratĂšge », qui redessine, dans les annĂ©es 1990, les relations entre administrations centrales et services territoriaux de l'État. La sĂ©paration entre les fonctions stratĂ©giques de pilotage et de contrĂŽle de l'État et les fonctions opĂ©rationnelles d'exĂ©cution et de mise en Ɠuvre des politiques publiques est au cƓur de ce changement. Cette transformation suit deux processus. D'un cĂŽtĂ©, l'adoption de mesures concrĂštes de « gouvernement Ă  distance » fait l'objet de luttes de pouvoir entre trois acteurs ministĂ©riels majeurs (ministĂšre de l'IntĂ©rieur, du Budget et de la Fonction publique). De l'autre, est produite une nouvelle « catĂ©gorisation » lĂ©gitime de l'État, portĂ©e par des hauts fonctionnaires gĂ©nĂ©ralistes, dans le cadre de grandes commissions de rĂ©forme, et inspirĂ©e des idĂ©es du New Public Management. La fabrique d'une nouvelle forme d'organisation Ă©tatique renvoie ainsi Ă  deux dynamiques et deux dimensions, politique et idĂ©elle. — NumĂ©ro spĂ©cial : Les nouveaux formats de l'institution.Since the 1990s, a new organisational form of the administrative system in France has been steadily redefining relations between central administrations and local state units. Labelled “the steering state” or the “managerial state”, this new paradigm hinges on separating the strategic functions of steering and controlling the state from the operational functions of execution and policy implementation. The making of this new form of state organization involves two parallel processes: political and cognitive. For one thing, the adoption of concrete measures for “government at distance” results from power struggles between three major ministries (Home Office, Budget and Civil Service). For another, a new legitimate “categorization of the state” is being formed in the major committees involved in the reform process of the 1990s; it is borne by top civil servants and inspired by the ideas of New Public Management. — Special issue: New patterns of institutions

    The Hidden Politics of Administrative Reform:Cutting French Civil Service Wages with a Low-Profile Instrument

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    The article addresses internal and hidden politics of changes in bureaucracies by focusing on the introduction and use of policy instruments as institutional change without radical or explicit shifts in administrative systems. Beneath public administrative reforms, it examines the use of “low-profile instruments” characterized by their technical and goal-oriented dimension but also by their low visibility to external actors due to the high complexity of their commensurating purpose and the automaticity of their use. The core case study of the paper offers a historical sociology of a technique for calculating the growth of the French civil service wage bill from the mid-1960s to the 2000s. The origins, uses, and institutionalisation of this method in the French context are explored to emphasize the important way of governing the bureaucracy at times of crisis through automatic, unobtrusive, incremental, and low-profile mechanisms. While insisting on the salience of techniques for calculating, measuring, classifying, and indexing in the contemporary art of government, it also suggests the need for observing and explaining “everyday forms of retrenchment” in bureaucracies

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    Construire des bureaucraties wébériennes à l'Úre de New Public Management ?

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    Constructing Weberian Bureaucracies in the Age of New Public Management? Starting with a broad review of the literature devoted to administrative reforms in a process of democratization, the article identifies the various political uses these reforms involve: appropriation of the apparatus for exercising power, organizational streamlining to produce collective goods, control of administrative resources according to a clientelistic rational, concern for legitimation with respect to international funding and development organizations. As it analyzes the conditions in which the three competing repertoires of reform (“Weberian” bureaucratic model, decentralized state, new public management), the article examines the ambiguities of these recipes and examines the issues, the limits and the effects of manipulating them. It especially points up the institutional entrenchment of the reforms and their dependence on administrations inherited from authoritarian regimes that shape and constrain attempts to transform administrative systems in a democratic context.Le lien d’interdĂ©pendance entre le dĂ©veloppement des dĂ©mocraties et la mise en place des administrations bureaucratiques dans les pays occidentaux, du dĂ©but du XIXe siĂšcle au milieu du XXe, constitue un phĂ©nomĂšne largement repĂ©rĂ©. La rĂ©flexion sur cette articulation est au coeur de nombreux travaux de sociologie historique de l’État inspirĂ©s des propositions initiales de Max Weber. Dans la perspective wĂ©bĂ©rienne, la mise en place d’une administration professionnalisĂ©e, dĂ©politisĂ©e et rationalisĂ©e est, on le sait, l’instrument constitutif de la formation des États parce qu’elle rend possible le monopole de la violence physique lĂ©gitime mais elle est aussi ce par quoi se met en place la dĂ©mocratie . La bureaucratie, par sa forme organisationnelle ordonnĂ©e, prĂ©visible et lĂ©gale, est en effet le fondement d’un traitement Ă©gal et impersonnel de tous les citoyens sur la base de rĂšgles gĂ©nĂ©rales, prĂ©Ă©tablies et connues de tous. Elle est Ă©galement un agent de la dĂ©mocratisation sociale parce qu’en valorisant le diplĂŽme, dans l’accĂšs aux positions administratives, elle participe au nivellement des diffĂ©rences sociales et Ă  l’expansion du systĂšme Ă©ducatif. [Premier paragraphe de l'article

    The Hidden Politics of Administrative Reform: Cutting French Civil Service Wages with a Low-Profile Instrument

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    The article addresses internal and hidden politics of changes in bureaucracies by focusing on the introduction and use of policy instruments as institutional change without radical or explicit shifts in administrative systems. Beneath public administrative reforms, it examines the use of “low-profile instruments” characterized by their technical and goal-oriented dimension but also by their low visibility to external actors due to the high complexity of their commensurating purpose and the automaticity of their use. The core case study of the paper offers a historical sociology of a technique for calculating the growth of the French civil service wage bill from the mid-1960s to the 2000s. The origins, uses, and institutionalisation of this method in the French context are explored to emphasize the important way of governing the bureaucracy at times of crisis through automatic, unobtrusive, incremental, and low-profile mechanisms. While insisting on the salience of techniques for calculating, measuring, classifying, and indexing in the contemporary art of government, it also suggests the need for observing and explaining “everyday forms of retrenchment” in bureaucracies

    Identifying Central And Peripheral Dimensions Of Store And Website Image: Applying The Elaboration Likelihood Model To Multichannel Retailing

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    Could the difficulties that retailers face in creating a seamless, cross-channel experience be due to the fact that their stores and website activate such different central and peripheral routes to persuasion that perfect transferability between channels is not possible?   By relying on a rigorous and innovative dual-step methodology, this study provides a solid support for research aimed at identifying other channel-related central and peripheral elements. Although perceptual structure of the two channels is very similar, the store and website have no central or peripheral dimension in common.   To enhance fluidity between its channels, a multi-channel retailer cannot rely on the customers' perceived integration of its channels. However, the retailer can easily orient its customers toward a given channel, by appealing to their enduring involvement. Finally, pricing and sales promotions are both peripheral dimensions: the former influences in-store buying and the latter, website buying

    Padioleau (Jean-Gustave). Le réformisme pervers:Le cas des sapeurs-pompiers

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    Écartons d'emblĂ©e une difficultĂ©. Le nouveau livre de J.-G. Padioleau n'est pas d'une lecture aisĂ©e. D'abord en raison d'une construction intellectuelle exigeante qui valorise l'ambition thĂ©orique avant d'exposer le matĂ©riau empirique. Ensuite Ă  cause du style imagĂ©, saturĂ© de schĂ©mas et conceptuellement foisonnant. Du coup, les faits Ă©clairants sont souvent donnĂ©s en second temps et Ă  travers un raisonnement rempli de concepts dont la multiplication et la libertĂ© d'usage risquent de noyer les plus heuristiques d'entre eux et nuisent parfois Ă  l'intelligibilitĂ© du propos. Pourtant, s'en tenir Ă  cette aspĂ©ritĂ© initiale en forme d'avertissement au lecteur ferait manquer un ouvrage important et stimulant Ă  au moins deux titres. D'une part, le livre prĂ©sente les rĂ©sultats d'une enquĂȘte empirique originale sur les processus actuels de rationalisation des organisations publiques. D'autre part, il constitue un exemple singulier et particuliĂšrement stimulant de sociologie empirique de l'activitĂ© rĂ©formatrice. [PremiĂšres lignes

    État, administration et politiques publiques : les dĂ©-liaisons dangereuses:La France au miroir des sciences sociales nord-amĂ©ricaines

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    L’article part du constat rĂ©pĂ©tĂ© d’« essoufflement » ou de « crise » de l’analyse des politiques publiques. Il l’explique par la force de la dynamique intellectuelle et disciplinaire de spĂ©cialisation et, indissociablement, de dĂ©-liaison qui conduit Ă  autonomiser l’étude des politiques publiques des perspectives de sociologies de l’État et de l’administration. Prenant l’exemple du champ acadĂ©mique nord-amĂ©ricain, il montre, d’un point de vue analytique et gĂ©nĂ©alogique, comment l’approfondissement de la division sociale du travail scientifique outre-atlantique a apportĂ© de rĂ©els gains de connaissance mais aussi dĂ©bouchĂ© sur le morcellement des objets. L’article revient alors sur les principaux apports du nĂ©o-institutionnalisme historique aux États-Unis, dĂ©crit comme une tentative de rĂ©intĂ©gration, et sur ses conditions de production. Ce dĂ©tour nord-amĂ©ricain permet d’éclairer la trajectoire acadĂ©mique française mais aussi les conditions d’importation des approches dĂ©veloppĂ©es outre-atlantique.It is frequently heard in both France and the United States that policy analysis is “running out of steam” or perhaps even in crisis. This article suggests that an important reason for this is the excessive intellectual and academic dynamic of specialization and division of scientific labour in political science, which has led to a parting of ways among the studies of public policies, public administration, and the state as each of these has become a largely autonomous sub-field. Taking stock of the changes that have occurred in the North American academic field since the early 20th century, the article identifies through both analytic and genealogical approaches how these processes have led to a fragmentation of the objects under examination in the social and political sciences. It then suggests that, among various contributions, historical institutionalism has offered, since the eighties, a flow of innovative solutions aimed at rearticulating the study of states, public policies, and bureaucracies. This American trip helps define and compare the specificities of the French academic trajectory in the field of study of the state, public administration and public policies. It also raises the issue of the conditions under which American theories have been imported into the French context

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    This book is a signiïŹcant contribution to the understanding of the eïŹ€ects of new public management (NPM)-related reforms on the central civil service systems. It brings together 12 substantial contributions united by a coherent approach. The volume oïŹ€ers theoretical and empirical chapters on the transformative eïŹ€ects of NPM-based reforms, based on a comparison between Antipodean (New Zealand and Australia) and Scandinavian (Norway and Sweden) countries over the past two decades. As editors, in the two introductory and concluding chapters, Tom Christensen and Per LĂŠgreid collaborate to take seriously a threefold dimension of NPM reforms: understanding the processes; analysing the real eïŹ€ects of reforms beyond the managerial talks; and considering the theoretical inïŹ‚uences of NPM on democratic theory. [First paragraph

    Réformes de l'Etat et transformations démocratiques : le poids des héritages

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    Le lien d’interdĂ©pendance entre le dĂ©veloppement des dĂ©mocraties et la mise en place des administrations bureaucratiques dans les pays occidentaux, du dĂ©but du XIXe siĂšcle au milieu du XXe, constitue un phĂ©nomĂšne largement repĂ©rĂ©. La rĂ©flexion sur cette articulation est au coeur de nombreux travaux de sociologie historique de l’État inspirĂ©s des propositions initiales de Max Weber. Dans la perspective wĂ©bĂ©rienne, la mise en place d’une administration professionnalisĂ©e, dĂ©politisĂ©e et rationalisĂ©e est, on le sait, l’instrument constitutif de la formation des États parce qu’elle rend possible le monopole de la violence physique lĂ©gitime mais elle est aussi ce par quoi se met en place la dĂ©mocratie . La bureaucratie, par sa forme organisationnelle ordonnĂ©e, prĂ©visible et lĂ©gale, est en effet le fondement d’un traitement Ă©gal et impersonnel de tous les citoyens sur la base de rĂšgles gĂ©nĂ©rales, prĂ©Ă©tablies et connues de tous. Elle est Ă©galement un agent de la dĂ©mocratisation sociale parce qu’en valorisant le diplĂŽme, dans l’accĂšs aux positions administratives, elle participe au nivellement des diffĂ©rences sociales et Ă  l’expansion du systĂšme Ă©ducatif. [Premier paragraphe de l'introduction
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