Packet loss optimization in router forwarding tasks based on the particle swarm algorithm

Software-defined networks (SDNs) are computer networks where parameters and devices are configured by software. Recently, artificial intelligence aspects have been used for SDN programs for various applications, including packet classification and forwarding according to the quality of service (QoS) requirements. The main problem is that when packets from different applications pass through computer networks, they have different QoS criteria. To meet the requirements of packets, routers classify these packets, add them to multiple weighting queue systems, and forward them according to their priorities. Multiple queue systems in routers usually use a class-based weighted round-robin (CBWRR) scheduling algorithm with pre-configured fixed weights for each priority queue. The problem is that the intensity of traffic in general and of each packet class occasionally changes. Therefore, in this work, we suggest using the particle swarm optimization algorithm to find the optimal weights for the weighted fair round-robin algorithm (WFRR) by considering the variable densities of the traffic. This work presents a framework to simulate router operations by determining the weights and schedule packets and forwarding them. The proposed algorithm to optimize the weights is compared with the conventional WFRR algorithm, and the results show that the particle swarm optimization for the weighted round-robin algorithm is more efficient than WFRR, especially in high-intensity traffic. Moreover, the average packet-loss ratio does not exceed 7%, and the proposed algorithms are better than the conventional CBWRR algorithm and the related work results

Performance of Light-Fidelity (Li-Fi) over fixed line and cellular backhaul connections

This paper examines how increased demand for wireless data services will cause capacity limitations within the radio frequency spectrum; the optical spectrum is viewed as an attractive solution that uses light as a transmission medium for alternative connectivity. Overall, this paper finds Li-Fi to be particularly suited to facilitating data communications. However, there is inherently scope for future research opportunities as issues surrounding the availability of 5G cellular services and disruptions to the line of sight become addressed in time

Video over DSL with LDGM Codes for Interactive Applications

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) network access is subject to error bursts, which, for interactive video, can introduce unacceptable latencies if video packets need to be re-sent. If the video packets are protected against errors with Forward Error Correction (FEC), calculation of the application-layer channel codes themselves may also introduce additional latency. This paper proposes Low-Density Generator Matrix (LDGM) codes rather than other popular codes because they are more suitable for interactive video streaming, not only for their computational simplicity but also for their licensing advantage. The paper demonstrates that a reduction of up to 4 dB in video distortion is achievable with LDGM Application Layer (AL) FEC. In addition, an extension to the LDGM scheme is demonstrated, which works by rearranging the columns of the parity check matrix so as to make it even more resilient to burst errors. Telemedicine and video conferencing are typical target applications

Increasing the rate of intrusion detection based on a hybrid technique

This paper presents techniques to increase intrusion detection rates. Theses techniques are based on specific features that are detected and it's shown that a small number of features (9) can yield improved detection rates compared to higher numbers. These techniques utilize soft computing techniques such a Backpropagation based artificial neural networks and fuzzy sets. These techniques achieve a significant improvement over the state of the art for standard DARPA benchmark data

A feature extraction method for Arabic Offline Handwritten Recognition System using Naïve Bayes classifier

Handwriting recognition in the Arabic language is considered one of the most challenging problems and the accuracies in recognizing still need more enhancements due to the Arabic character’s nature, cursive writing, style, and size of writing in contrast to working with other languages. In this paper, we propose a system for Arabic Offline Handwritten Character Recognition based on Naïve Bayes classifier (NB). Extraction features preceded by divided the image of character into three horizontal and vertical zones and 3x3 zones in one and two dimensions respectively, then classified by Naïve Bayes. The performance of the system proposes evaluated by using the benchmark CENPARMI database reached up to 97.05% accuracy rate. Experimental results confirm a high enhancement inaccuracy rate in comparison with other Arabic Optical Character Recognition systems

The Role of IL-4 and IL-10 among Chronic Hepatitis Patients

الخلفية العلمية: فيروسات التهاب الكبد هي مسببات شائعة للالتهاب الكبد ولها انتشار مختلف في ما بين المرضى ولها خمسة انواع شائعة: فايروس التهاب الكبد نوع A, B, C, D, E,  . فايروس التهاب الكبد نوع B, C and D تحدث عن طريق الحقن. فايروس التهاب الكبد نوع E  يحدث خاصة لدى النساء الحوامل عن طريق الجهاز الهضمي. الانترلوكين -4 يحمي خلايا الكبد من موت الخلايا المبرمج ويثبط من تكاثر فايروس التهاب الكبد نوع B. التعرض الى مستضدات فايروس التهاب الكبد نوع  C يزيد انتاج الانترلوكين -10 عن طريق الخلايا الحبيبية متعددة الاشكال و الخلايا التائية. هدف الدراسة :لمتابعة اهمية الانترلوكين-4 والانترلوكين-10 بين المرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب الكبد الفايروسي نوع B و نوع C ولإيجاد معدل الحالات المؤكدة في محافظة بابل وللمقارنة بين معدل تلك النسب والاسباب المحتملة للانتقال وطرق الوقاية. المواد وطرق العمل: تم اخذ مجموعة مكونة من 18 مريض تعاني من التهاب الكبد الفايروسي نوع B ونوع C لمقارنة الانترلوةكين -4 والانترلوكين -10 وتمت المقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة المكونة من 14 شخص والذين لا يعانون من مرض ظاهريا في مختبر الصحة العامة/بابل النتائج: اظهرت النتائج نقص معنوي كبير في الانترلوكين -4 في كلا المجموعتين بالمقارنة الى مجموعة السيطرة بينما كان هنالك زيادة معنوية كبيرة في كلا المجموعتين بالمقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. الاستنتاج: العوامل المناعية تكون ضرورية جدافي مصير التهاب الكبد نوع B و نوع C. ومن الممكن استخدام الانترلوكين-4 كمعيار مختبري غير مباشر لتقييم ضرر الكبد بدلا من الفحص النسيجي. الانترلوكين -10 من الممكن ان يزيد  الاصابة  بالتهاب الكبد نوع B و نوع C بسبب دوره كعامل مضاد للعوامل الالتهابية. وكذلك الاميونوكلوبين نوع G4  من الممكن ان يزيد من  التهاب الكبد نوع B و نوع C المتسبب ب الانترلوكين-10.Background: Hepatitis viruses are common cause of viral hepatitis, it has a varied distribution among people, it has more than five common types: Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E. Hepatitis B,C,&D occurred by parenteral route. Hepatitis E occurres specially in pregnant women by feco-oral route. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) protect human hepatocellular cell line from apoptosis and suppresses the expression and replication of hepatitis B virus. Exposure to HCV antigens increased L-10 production by polymorphonuclear cells and T cells. Aim of study: To monitor the significance of IL-4 and IL-10 among patients with chronic HBV and HCV, to find the frequency of confirmed hepatitis virus in Babylon City and to compare between their percentages and possible cause of transmission and method to prevent it Materials and Methods: A total number of 18 patients for each group of hepatitis B and C were taken to estimate of IL-4 and IL-10 which compared with 14 apparently healthy control group in Central Public Health Lab/ Babylon during the period from January-June, 2008. Results: The results showed highly significant decrease in IL-4 in both groups in comparison to control group while IL-10 showed highly significant increase in both group in comparison to control group. Conclusions: Immune factors are essential in the consequence of chronic HBV and HCV infection. Serum IL4 might be used as a laboratory parameter to indirectly assess liver damage instead of invasive histopathological examination. IL-10 might influence HCV and HBV infections susceptibility due to its anti-inflammatory action. IgG4 might further aggravate the disease course of HBV and HCV infection caused by IL-10

Packet loss visibility across SD, HD, 3D, and UHD video streams

The trend towards video streaming with increased spatial resolutions and dimensions, SD, HD, 3D, and 4kUHD, even for portable devices has important implications for displayed video quality. There is an interplay between packetization, packet loss visibility, choice of codec, and viewing conditions, which implies that prior studies at lower resolutions may not be as relevant. This paper presents two sets of experiments, the one at a Variable BitRate (VBR) and the other at a Constant BitRate (CBR), which highlight different aspects of the interpretation. The latter experiments also compare and contrast encoding with either an H.264 or an High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) codec, with all results recorded as objective Mean Opinion Score (MOS). The video quality assessments will be of interest to those considering: the bitrates and expected quality in error-prone environments; or, in fact, whether to use a reliable transport protocol to prevent all errors, at a cost in jitter and latency, rather than tolerate low levels of packet errors

Intra-Refresh Provision for WiMAX Data-Partitioned Video Streaming

Mobile, broadband wireless access is increasingly being used for video streaming. This paper is a study of the impact of intra-refresh provision upon a robust video streaming scheme intended for WiMAX. The paper demonstrates the use of intra-refresh macroblocks within inter-coded video frames as an alternative to periodic intra-refresh video frames. In fact, the proposed scheme combines intra-refresh macroblocks with data-partitioned video compression, both error resilience tools from the H.264 video codec. Redundant video packets along with adaptive channel coding are also used to protect video streams. In harsh wireless channel conditions, it is found that all the proposed measures are necessary. This is because error bursts, arising from both slow and fast fading, as well as other channel impairments, are possible. The main conclusions from a detailed analysis are that: because of the effect on packet size it is important to select a moderate quantization parameter; and because of the higher overhead from cyclic intra macroblock line update it is better to select a low percentage per frame of intra-refresh macroblocks. The proposed video streaming scheme will be applicable to other 4G wireless technologies such as LTE

Protecting H.264/AVC Data-Partitioned Video Streams over Broadband WiMAX

Broadband wireless technology, though aimed at video services, also poses a potential threat to video services, as wireless channels are prone to error bursts. In this paper, an adaptive, application-layer Forward Error Correction (FEC) scheme protects H.264/AVC data-partitioned video. Data partitioning is the division of a compressed video stream into partitions of differing decoding importance. The paper determines whether equal error protection (EEP) through FEC of all partition types or unequal error protection (UEP) of the more important partition type is preferable. The paper finds that, though UEP offers a small reduction in bitrate, if EEP is employed, there are significant gains (several dBs) in video quality. Overhead from using EEP rather than UEP was found to be around 1% of the overall bitrate. Given that data partitioning already reduces errors through packet size reduction and differentiation of coding data, EEP with data partitioning is a practical means of protecting user-based video streaming. The gain from employing EEP is shown to be higher quality video to the user, which will result in a greater take-up of video services. The results have implications for other forms of prioritized video streaming