Nanophotonics for dark materials, filters, and optical magnetism

Research on nanophotonic structures for three application areas is described, a near perfect optical absorber based on a graphene/dielectric stack, an ultraviolet bandpass filter formed with an aluminum/dielectric stack, and structures exhibiting homogenizable magnetic properties at infrared frequencies. The graphene stack can be treated as a effective, homogenized medium that can be designed to reflect little light and absorb an astoundingly high amount per unit thickness, making it an ideal dark material and providing a new avenue for photonic devices based on two-dimensional materials. Another material stack arrangement with thin layers of metal and insulator forms a multi-cavity filter that can effectively act as an ultraviolet filter without the usual sensitivity of the incident angle of the light. This is important in sensing applications where the visible part of the spectrum is to be removed, allowing detection of ultraviolet signals. Finally, achieving a magnetic material that functions at optical frequencies would be of enormous scientific and technological impact, including for imaging, sensing and optical storage applications. The challenge has been to find a guiding principle and a suitable arrangement of constituent materials. A lattice of dielectric spheres is shown to provide a legitimately homogenized material with a magnetic response. This should pave the way for experimental studies. More specifically, a graphene stack is designed, fabricated and characterized. The structure shows strong absorption of light. Spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to obtain the complex sheet conductivity of graphene. Further modeling results establish the graphene stack as the darkest optical material, with lower reflectivity and higher per-unit-length absorption than alternative light-absorbing materials. An optical bandpass filter based on a metal/dielectric structure is modeled, showing performance that is largely independent of the angle of incidence. Parametric evaluations of the reflection phase shift at the metal-dielectric interface provide insight and design information. Filter passbands in the ultraviolet (UV) through visible or longer wavelengths can be achieved by engineering the dielectric thickness and selecting a metal with an appropriate plasma frequency, as demonstrated in simulations. A lattice of suitable dielectric particles is shown to fulfill the requirements for a magnetic optical material. Using Mie theory, the microscopic origin of the magnetic response is explicitly identified as being due to the magnetic dipole resonance of an isolated sphere. This provides a design basis, and dielectric and lattice requirements with candidate dielectrics that will allow magnetic materials to be designed and fabricated for optical applications are presented

Antecedents and Consequences of System Justification among Iranian Migrants in Western Europe

Social decision makin

Looking Beyond Our Similarities: How Perceived (In)Visible Dissimilarity Relates to Feelings of Inclusion at Work

We investigated how the perception of being dissimilar to others at work relates to employees’ felt inclusion, distinguishing between surface-level and deep-level dissimilarity. In addition, we tested the indirect relationships between surface-level and deep-level dissimilarity and work-related outcomes, through social inclusion. Furthermore, we tested the moderating role of a climate for inclusion in the relationship between perceived dissimilarity and felt inclusion. We analyzed survey data from 887 employees of a public service organization. An ANOVA showed that felt inclusion was lower for individuals who perceived themselves as deep-level dissimilar compared to individuals who perceived themselves as similar, while felt inclusion did not differ among individuals who perceived themselves as surface-level similar or dissimilar. Furthermore, a moderated mediation analysis showed a negative conditional indirect relationship between deep-level dissimilarity and work-related outcomes through felt inclusion. Interestingly, while the moderation showed that a positive climate for inclusion buffered the negative relationship between deep-level dissimilarity and felt inclusion, it also positively related to feelings of inclusion among all employees, regardless of their perceived (dis)similarity. This research significantly improves our understanding of how perceived dissimilarity affects employees by distinguishing between surface-level and deep-level dissimilarity and by demonstrating the importance of a climate for inclusion

Conservative ideological shift among adolescents in response to system threat.

We examined conservative ideological shift among adolescents by assessing the effect of different types of threat on the self-reported political orientation of 183 New York City high school students and investigated the mediating role of system justification. Participants read one of three newspaper passages: (1) a system-related passage that described flaws in the American social, economic, and political system; (2) a self-related passage that described the deleterious health effects of cell phone use; or (3) a control passage that described house plant cultivation. Participants then completed measures of system justification and political orientation. As hypothesized, a threat to the system (but not the self) increased self-reported conservatism indirectly through its effect on system justification. This suggests that when the overarching social system is threatened, adolescents may be drawn to conservative ideology and that this is attributable, at least in part, to a heightened desire to defend and bolster the societal status quo.Social decision makin

Not quite over the rainbow: the unrelenting and insidious nature of heteronormative ideology

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordHeteronormative ideology refers to the belief that there are two separate and opposing genders with associated natural roles that match their assigned sex, and that heterosexuality is a given. It is pervasive and persistent, carrying negative consequences. Because it is embedded in societal institutions and propagated through socialization and other widely-held ideologies, it is prevalent among both cis-hetero and LGBTQI+ individuals. In the current article, we discuss the unrelenting and insidious nature of heteronormative ideology, review some of the social-psychological mechanisms that contribute to its maintenance, and provide directions for future research that could inform efforts to combat it. We argue that threat reactions to non-heteronormative behavior reinforce heteronormative beliefs and that interventions are needed to address both prejudice and its underlying mechanisms

Gender nonconformity leads to identity denial for cisgender and transgender individuals

In modern Western cultures, gender is largely viewed as binary, and individuals who challenge the gender/sex binary face discrimination and marginalization. Across three preregistered studies (N = 1,096), we examine gender discrimination against gender-nonconforming people. Studies 1 and 2 show that behavioral and appearance-based gender nonconformity leads to the misgendering of cisgender and transgender women and men. This was true for the gendered perception of these targets and the binary assignment to gender/sex-based spaces and policies (e.g., access to bathrooms or gender/sex-based leadership training). Surprisingly, whether the target was transgender or cisgender did not affect these results. Study 3 replicated findings for transgender targets and showed that adherence to gender stereotypes is seen as a necessity for transgender individuals who want their gender identity recognized by others (e.g., on official documents or through pronoun use).Social decision makin