Editorial

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Non-traumatic injury profile of amateur cyclists

BACKGROUND : Non-traumatic bicycle injuries are common. However, research available on non-traumatic injuries in amateur cyclists is more than a decade old, and most of the research on this topic has been done in Europe and America on professional cyclists in multi-day cycling events. An understanding of the common injuries may lead to appropriate prevention intervention. OBJECTIVE : To determine the incidence of overuse injuries in amateur cyclists preparing for participation in a 1-day cycle challenge. METHODS : A questionnaire was emailed to participants of the 2012 Momentum 94.7 Cycle Challenge, which amateur participants ≥18 years old were invited to complete. Data on demographics, training habits and the participants’ injury profile in the preceding year were collected. RESULTS : Of the 3 300 respondents, 75% were male and 59% were between 30 and 50 years old. Non-traumatic injury, pain or neurological symptoms were reported by 88% of the respondents. The percentages of all respondents who experienced problems in the following anatomical areas were as follows: neck 34%, back 41%, hand/wrist 41%, buttock/perineum 41%, hip 7%, knee 33% and foot/ankle 24%. Knee pain was responsible for the need to stop training for the largest percentage of respondents. Neurological complaints were common in respondents who experienced neck, back, hand/wrist, buttock/perineum and foot/ankle problems. CONCLUSION : Non-traumatic injuries in amateur cyclists are common, with back, hand/wrist and buttock/perineal symptoms the most frequent problems. Knee problems caused the greatest need to stop training and seek medical help.http://www.journals.co.za/sama/m_sajsm.htmlhb201

Minimum requirements for professional translators : translation competence in theory and in practice

CITATION: Van Rensburg, A. 2014. Minimum vereistes vir professionele vertalers : vertaalvermoe volgens die teorie en in die praktyk. LitNet Akademies, 11(2):553-595.The original publication is available at http://www.litnet.co.zaEen van die beste metodes om die gehalte van ’n vertaalproduk te verseker, is om ’n geskikte vertaler vir ’n spesifieke vertaalopdrag te vind. Die vertaalberoep is egter ongereguleerd, wat beteken dat minimum vereistes vir vertalers nie gestandaardiseer is nie. Kliënte weet dus nie watter kriteria om toe te pas wanneer hulle ’n vertaler moet kies nie. In hierdie artikel stel ek ondersoek in na die minimum vereistes wat in die vertaalteorie aan vertalers gestel word deur ’n bespreking van die drie mees onlangse vertaalvermoëmodelle, naamlik die PACTE-, TransComp- en EMT-model. Ek identifiseer die minimum vereistes wat in die vertaalpraktyk deur drie professionele vertaalorganisasies, naamlik die Suid-Afrikaanse Vertalersinstituut (SAVI), die American Translators Association (ATA) en die Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL) gestel word, en vergelyk die minimum vereistes wat in die drie kwaliteitstandaarde EN 15038, ASTM F2575 en ISO/TS 11669 gestel word. Vier van die vereistes wat in hierdie ondersoek geïdentifiseer is, is (i) aantal jaar ervaring as ’n voltydse taalpraktisyn, (ii) ’n kwalifikasie in vertaling, (iii) akkreditasie in vertaling by ’n professionele organisasie (soos SAVI), en (iv) die gebruik van ’n vertaalgeheueprogram. ’n Empiriese studie waarin 33 vertalers ’n geskiedenis-eksamenvraestel uit Engels in Afrikaans vertaal het, is by ’n hoëronderwysinstansie uitgevoer om te bepaal of daar ’n verband tussen hierdie vereistes en die gehalte van die vertaalprodukte is. Daar is ’n beduidende verband tussen die gehalte en slegs een vereiste gevind, naamlik die gebruik van ’n vertaalgeheueprogram. Die resultate toon egter ook dat voldoening aan net hierdie een vereiste nie noodwendig tot ’n vertaalproduk van hoë gehalte lei nie, maar dat die kliënt eerder ’n vertaler behoort te kies wat aan ’n kombinasie van hierdie vereistes voldoen en dan persoonlike verwysings kry met betrekking tot die gehalte van die vertaler se vorige vertalings in die spesifieke genre en taalkombinasie.One of the best ways of ensuring the quality of a translation product is to find a translator who suits the specific translation task. The translation profession, however, is unregulated: no standardised minimum requirements have been set for translators: neither in translation theory nor in practice. Consequently, anyone who is bilingual may offer clients his or her services as a translator for a fee, irrespective of whether he or she has any experience of, or any qualification in, translation. Another consequence is that clients do not know which criteria to apply when choosing a translator, so eventually they often entrust the task to the person who quotes the lowest tariff. In this research article I seek, firstly, to identify the standards set for translators in the following spheres: (i) in translation theory, (ii) at three professional translation organisations and (iii) in three quality standards. Secondly, I conducted an empirical study on four of the requirements I had identified to determine whether there is a correlation between the quality of the translation product and these four requirements. The object of the empirical study, therefore, was to determine whether meeting the requirements may serve as a predictor of high-quality translation.http://www.litnet.co.za/minimum-vereistes-vir-professionele-vertalers-vertaalvermo-volgens-die-teorie-en-in-die-pr/Publisher's versio

Kernstappe vir kwaliteitbestuur in die vertaalbedryf en in akademiese vertaalkantore

CITATION: Van Rensburg, A. 2017. Kernstappe vir kwaliteitbestuur in die vertaalbedryf en in akademiese vertaalkantore. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus, 53:195-214, doi:10.5842/53-0-745.The original publication is available at http://spilplus.journals.ac.za/Taaldienste soos vertaling, redigering en tolking is van kardinale belang in ’n meertalige samelewing en aan ’n hoëronderriginstelling waar die taaldiversiteit van sy personeel en studente erken word. Die vertaling van eksamenvraestelle is ’n voorbeeld van hoërisikovertaling, aangesien ’n onakkurate vertaling studentesukses negatief kan beïnvloed. Foute wat in die vertaling van toetse begaan is (Drugan 2013; Van Dyk, Van Rensburg en Marais 2011) beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid van kwaliteitbestuur in vertaling. Kwaliteit is egter ’n relatiewe begrip en word op verskillende maniere in die vertaalteorie en in die vertaalbedryf geïnterpreteer. In die vertaalteorie word kwaliteit hoofsaaklik gelykgestel met die assessering van die vertaalproduk, terwyl die fokus in die vertaalbedryf eerder op die produksieproses van die vertaling val om voldoende kwaliteit te verseker (Chesterman en Wagner 2002). Ek het vyf kwaliteitstandaarde vir die vertaalbedryf ontleed en die kernstappe in die kwaliteitbestuurproses in hierdie artikel beskryf. Daardie kwaliteitstandaarde is die Europese EN 15038 Translation services – Service requirements (2006), die Kanadese CAN/CGSB 131.10 Translation services (2008), die internasionale ISO/TS 11669 Translation projects – General guidance (2012), die Amerikaanse ASTM F2575 Standard guide for quality assurance in translation (2014), en die internasionale ISO 17100 Translation services – Requirements for translation services (2015). Verskille en ooreenkomste tussen die siening van kwaliteit in die vertaalbedryf en in die vertaalteorie word uitgewys. In hierdie artikel word die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat akademiese vertaalkantore as gevolg van groot finansiële druk nie al die kernstappe vir kwaliteitbestuur kan toepas nie: Hulle word genoop om die risiko’s en beskikbare hulpbronne teen mekaar op te weeg om die verlangde kwaliteit met slegs die nodige hulpbronne te lewer.http://spilplus.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/745Publisher's versio

'n Nuwe vertaling van die Bybel in Afrikaans: ’n perspektief op die teorie en praktyk

Thesis (MPhil (Dept. of Ancient Studies) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2005.Mention is yet again made of a new translation of the Bible into Afrikaans. The question is: Which translation approach must be followed in order to ensure effective communication of this age-old message? In 2002 and 2003, a project was launched in Stellenbosch during which translation teams prepared four different draft translations of parts of the Bible from the original languages. A new translation model was used, namely Gutt's direct and indirect translation strategies, which were applied within Nord's functionalistic approach as framework. After the review of some of the most important Bible translations through the ages, main features of Nida's translation model are explained. It is indicated that the basis of his translation approach, the code model of communication, is regarded as insufficient for describing translation as a phenomenon. New developments in linguistics, namely Sperber and Wilson's exposition of Relevance Theory, and Translation Studies, namely Ernst-August Gutt's application of Relevance Theory to translation and Christiane Nord's version of the Skopos Theory, are discussed. The conclusion is made that these developments have been taken into account in the translation model of the Stellenbosch translation project and that the model is indeed theoretically well founded. Based on the annotations of the translation products, it was found that this abstract theoretical model can indeed be applied successfully in practice. The results of the empirical study indicate that the average reader does not always prefer the same type of translation on a specific kind of occasion, but has a need for an informal as well as a formal Bible translation. Following the findings of this study, proposals are made that can be applied during a possible new translation of the Bible into Afrikaans

Revisie : een aspek van kwaliteitbestuur in ’n akademiese vertaalkantoor

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2018.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study takes a closer look at and discusses revision as one of the aspects of quality management in the context of academic translation offices at higher education institutions. Key quality management steps were identified from an analysis of five quality standards for the translation industry. The extent to which revision, being one of these key steps, is applied in practice is discussed based on a survey of ten translation offices. Although quality standards such as ISO 17100 (2015) require revision of all translated documents, empirical studies have shown that even seasoned translators and revisers both overlook errors and add new ones. Therefore, it is vital to establish the effectiveness of revision as a measure of quality control. This study accomplishes that by examining (i) the impact of revision on translation quality, (ii) the impact of the reviser’s profile on revision quality, and (iii) the impact of revision procedure on revision quality. The theoretical basis comprises literature on revision, translation quality underlying revision, and functionalist translation approaches where the focus on the aim and broad production process of a translation corresponds with the quality management approach prescribed by translation industry standards. A mixed-method approach was followed by including both qualitative and quantitative data in the empirical study. Thirty revisers revised an examination paper that had been translated from English into Afrikaans. This was done based on a revision brief, the source text, the translation brief and revision principles. The revisers completed two questionnaires that collected data on their respective profiles and revision procedures. The quality of the draft Afrikaans translation (prior to revision) and the translation products (Afrikaans target texts following revision) was rated by five assessors to determine the impact of revision on the quality of the translation product. This assessment was done based on the rating tool proposed by Colina (2009), which was slightly modified for purposes of this empirical study. Three linguists determined the quality of the revision product using two assessment tools, namely descriptive categories and a formula that quantified the quality of the revision product. It was found that revision indeed had a positive impact on translation quality and may therefore be used as a quality control measure in academic translation offices. There seemed to be little correlation between the reviser’s profile and revision quality, while revision procedure had a much greater impact on revision quality. The study also showed that the revisers had overlooked multiple errors. Therefore, it is recommended that revisers be specifically trained in revision, and that revision should constitute only one aspect of a translation office’s quality management regime.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek en bespreek revisie as een van die aspekte van kwaliteitbestuur in die konteks van akademiese vertaalkantore aan hoëronderwysinstellings. Kernstappe vir kwaliteitbestuur is na aanleiding van ’n analise van vyf kwaliteitstandaarde vir die vertaalbedryf geïdentifiseer. Die mate waarin revisie, synde een van dié kernstappe, in die praktyk toegepas word, word aan die hand van ’n opname van tien vertaalkantore bespreek. Hoewel standaarde soos ISO 17100 (2015) die revisie van alle vertaalde dokumente vereis, toon empiriese studies dat selfs ervare vertalers en reviseurs sowel foute oorsien as nuwe foute invoeg. Daarom is dit belangrik om die doeltreffendheid van revisie as kwaliteitkontrole te bepaal. Dít word in hierdie studie gedoen deur ’n ondersoek van (i) die invloed van revisie op vertaalkwaliteit, (ii) die invloed van die reviseursprofiel op revisiekwaliteit, en (iii) die invloed van die revisieprosedure op revisiekwaliteit. Die teoretiese grondslag bestaan uit literatuur oor revisie, vertaalkwaliteit grondliggend aan revisie, en funksionalistiese vertaalbenaderings waar die klem op die doel en die breë produksieproses van ’n vertaling ooreenstem met die kwaliteitbestuursbenadering in standaarde vir die vertaalbedryf. ’n Gemengdemetode-benadering is gevolg deur sowel kwalitatiewe as kwantitatiewe data in die empiriese studie te gebruik. Dertig reviseurs het ’n eksamenvraestel nagegaan wat uit Engels in Afrikaans vertaal is. Dít is gedoen aan die hand van ’n revisie-opdrag, die bronteks, die vertaalopdrag en revisiebeginsels. Die reviseurs het twee vraelyste ingevul waarmee data oor hulle onderskeie profiele en revisieprosedures ingewin is. Die kwaliteit van die Afrikaanse konsepvertaling (voor revisie) en die vertaalprodukte (Afrikaanse doeltekste ná revisie) is deur vyf assesseerders gemeet om die invloed van revisie op die kwaliteit van die vertaalproduk te bepaal. Hierdie assessering is gedoen aan die hand van Colina (2009) se meetinstrument wat vir die doeleindes van dié empiriese studie effens aangepas is. Drie taalkundiges het die kwaliteit van die revisieproduk bepaal aan die hand van twee assesseringsinstrumente, naamlik beskrywende kategorieë en ’n formule waarmee die kwaliteit van die revisieproduk gekwantifiseer is. Daar is bevind dat revisie wél ’n positiewe invloed op vertaalkwaliteit gehad het en dus as kwaliteitkontrole in akademiese vertaalkantore gebruik kan word. Die reviseursprofiel het slegs enkele verbande met revisiekwaliteit getoon; daarteenoor het die revisieprosedure ’n veel groter invloed op revisiekwaliteit gehad. Die studie het verder getoon dat die reviseurs talle foute oorgesien het. Die aanbeveling word dus gemaak dat reviseurs spesifiek in revisie opgelei word, en dat revisie slegs een aspek van ’n vertaalkantoor se kwaliteitbestuurstelsel behoort uit te maak

The impact of revision on translated examination papers in a higher education environment

CITATION: Van Rensburg, A. 2012. Die impak van revisie op vertaalde eksamenvraestelle in 'n hoeronderwysomgewing. LitNet Akademies, 9(2):392-412.The original publication is available at http://www.litnet.co.zaDie onakkurate vertaling van eksamenvraestelle in ’n hoëronderwysomgewing kan studentesukses benadeel, byvoorbeeld as die vertaling dubbelsinnig is of as onbekende terminologie gebruik word. Een van die metodes om vertalings van hoë gehalte te verseker, is om die konsepvertaling wat deur ’n eerste vertaler geskep is deur ’n tweede vertaler te laat nagaan. Hierdie prosedure word revisie genoem en die doel daarvan is om moontlike foute uit te skakel en die gehalte van die konsepvertaling te verbeter. Empiriese studies (Arthern 1983; Künzli 2006 en 2007) toon egter dat die tweede vertaler (reviseur) nie net soms van die eerste vertaler se foute oorsien nie, maar nuwe foute maak en selfs die gehalte van die vertaling kan verlaag. Die tweeledige doel van die loodsstudie wat in hierdie artikel beskryf word, is om te bepaal watter impak revisie op die gehalte van vertaalde eksamenvraestelle in ’n hoëronderwysomgewing het en om die kostedoeltreffendheid van revisie te bepaal. Twee konsepvertalings is deur vier reviseurs nagegaan met die opdrag om enige foute uit te skakel en die gehalte van die konsepvertalings te verbeter. Hierdie “verbeterde” weergawes en die konsepvertalings (sonder revisie) is aan drie evalueerders gestuur. Die evalueerders het die vertalings geëvalueer met behulp van ’n assesseringsinstrument (Colina 2009) wat op grond van die funksionalistiese vertaalbenadering (Nord 1997, 2002 en 2005) ontwikkel is. Die resultate toon dat revisie ’n groter impak op ’n swak konsepvertaling as op ’n goeie konsepvertaling het, maar dat ’n ervare reviseur nie noodwendig ’n beter vertaalproduk lewer as ’n onervare reviseur nie. Dit is ook duidelik dat revisie nie altyd kostedoeltreffend is nie, aangesien reviseurs tyd aan revisie afstaan, selfs al verbeter dit geensins die gehalte van die vertalings nie. Die artikel bevestig die behoefte aan duideliker riglyne vir revisie, asook verdere navorsing oor verskillende revisiemetodes.The inaccurate translation of examination papers in a higher education environment can have a detrimental effect on student success, for example if the translation is ambiguous or if incorrect terminology is used. One method of ensuring high-quality translations is to have the draft translation created by a first translator checked by a second translator. This process is known as revision and its aim is to eliminate possible errors and to improve the quality of the draft translation.Publisher's versio

Alkeenmetatese met behulp van 'n reniumkatalisator

Proefskrif (PhD (Dierkunde))--PU vir CHO, 1997From literature t is well known that the 3% Re2O7/SiO2.Al2O3-catalyst system is very effective as a metathesis catalyst system for normal alkenes. The addition of a cocatalyst to this system not only makes the system suitable for the metathesis of alkenes containing functionalised groups. In this investigation the metathesis activity of the 3% Re2O7/SiO2.Al2O3/SnMe4-catalyst system was determined. Factors that can influence the activity, selectivity and stability of the system were investigated in order to obtain optimum conditions for the metathesis activity of the 3% Re2O7/SiO2.Al2O3/SnMe4-catalyst system. From the investigation into the influence of catalyst composition it was concluded that the maximum acidity and metathesis activity could be found on SiO2.Al2O3, with an Al2O3-content of 22-25%. It was also found that a low percentage of Re2O7, (~ 3%) on SiO2.Al2O3 produces a high quantity of homo-metathesis products as a result of the preference of ReO4-ions for the more electropositive bridge OH-groups. With an increasing Re2O7-loading on SiO2.Al2O3, double bond isomerization and the resulting cross metathesis products increased as a result of the increase in the acidity of the system The addition of Cs+, PO43-, MoO3, and B2O3 to the 3% Re2O7/SiO2.Al2O3/SnMe4-catalyst system led to the observation that small amounts (~ 2%) of the different compounds led to a significant increase in the metathesis activity of the 3% Re2O7/SiO2.Al2O3/SnMe4-system. The addition of Cs+, PO43- or a combination of the two ions led to the highest homo-metathesis- and the lowest cross metathesis production with the 2% Cs+/3% 3% Re2O7/SiO2.Al2O3/SnMe4- (53% homo- and just 16% cross metathesis products) and the 2% Cs+/2% PO43-/3% Re2O7/SiO2.Al2O3/SnMe4- system (54% homo- and 15% cross metathesis products) producing the best results. The addition of MoO3 or B2O3 led to high double bond isomerization and cross metathesis (45% cross metathesis products for the 2% MoO3/3% Re2O7-calalyst system compared to the 16% of the 2% Cs+ system). The type of compound and the change in acidity that accompanies the addition of the compound play an important role in the metathesis. The addition of PO43-ions lead to the formation of medium and strong acid centres that results in higher cross metathesis in contrast to the addition of Cs+-ions that produce strong acid centres on the support together with lower isomerization and cross metathesis activity. Another important role of Cs+ is to replace the H+-ions that play a role during isomerization. The addition of B2O3 and MoO3 lead to high acidity and isomerization activity. SnMe4 also shows metathesis activity in combination with SiO2.Al2O3. From the investigation into the metathesis activity of this system it was concluded that two types of active metathesis sites exist on the Re2O7/SiO2.Al2O3/SnMe4-catalyst system, one formed between Re2O7, SnMe4, and the support and the other between SnMe4 and the support. The amount of SnMe4 required for maximum metathesis activity in both the SnMe4- and Re2O7-systems, is directly related to the maximum amount of active metathesis sites that can be formed between SnMe4 and the support. It was further concluded that some of the SnMe4 is lost during the reaction due to a useless reaction between the SnMe4 and Si-bound OH-groups and that the active Sn-carbenes are probably formed via a reaction between the SnMe4 and bridged OH-groups on the SiO2.Al2O3. It was also found that inactive metathesis sites could not be reactivated by the addition of extra SnMe4 and that the presence of SnMe4 as cocatalyst in the Re2O7-system led to a decrease in metathesis activity during reactivation of the catalyst due to the deposition of SnO2 on the catalyst system. The reaction conditions whereby the SnMe4/SiO2.Al2O3-catalyst system reach its maximum metathesis activity can be summarized as follow: 1) Reaction temperature should not exceed 60’C. 2) Low activation temperatures (about 500’C) are required for maximum metathesis activity. 3) For both the SnMe4/Si2.Al2O3- and 2% PO43-/SnMe4/SiO2.Al2O3-catalyst systems a minimum activation time required. For the PO43- system this is about 1.5 to 2h and for the SnMe4/SiO2.Al2O3-system about 4h. 4) There is no difference in the metathesis activity as a result of activation in either N2 or O2. 5) The maximum metathesis activity is obtained by activating the catalyst for about 3h in O2 followed by 1 to 3h in N2. Small amounts of the additives water, BuOH, HOAc, MeCOPr and BuOAc ( 2%) lead to permanent deactivation due to a reaction with the carbene structure. A higher IR stretching vibration of the C=O- and O-H-bonds of the different additives corresponds to a weaker deactivation of the catalyst system as the additive is less likely to break the C=O- or OH-bond to react with the active metal carbene. This relationship is found true for C-C-chain lengths ≤ 4 but in the caw of longer chain lengths sterical hindrance plays an important role in preventing the additive born reacting with the carbene.Doctora

Omission and other sins : tracking the quality of online machine translation output over four years

CITATION: Lotz, S. & Van Rensburg, A. 2016. Omission and other sins : tracking the quality of online machine translation output over four years. Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics, 46:77-97, doi:10.5774/46-0-223.The original publication is available at http://spil.journals.ac.zaOnline machine translation (MT) has empowered ordinary language users to have texts translated all by themselves. But are these users aware of the pitfalls? This article draws on a longitudinal study that explored the quality of output by online MT application Google Translate in the language combination Afrikaans–English. We investigated the distribution of errors in two sets of translations (slide-show text and news report text) that we had Google Translate produce annually over a period of four years, 2010–2013. Omission, Mistranslation, Non-translation and Grammar were error categories that scored high in the analyses. In addition, we found that although the quality of the translations seemed to improve up to 2012, the pattern of improvement levelled off, with some of the 2013 output containing more errors than that of the previous year. We believe users should be made aware of the risks they unknowingly take when using online MT.http://spil.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/223Publisher’s versio

Translation technology explored : has a three-year maturation period done Google Translate any good?

CITATION: Lotz, S. & Van Rensburg, A. 2014. Translation technology explored : has a three-year maturation period done Google Translate any good? Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics Plus, 43:235-259, doi:10.5842/43-0-205.The original publication is available at http://spilplus.journals.ac.zaLanguage users in multilingual environments who are trying to make sense of the linguistic challenges they face may well regard the advent of online machine translation (MT) applications as a welcome intervention. Such applications have made it possible for virtually anyone to try their hand at translation – with minimum effort, at that. However, the usefulness of the output of these translation applications varies. The empirical research described in this article is a continuation of an investigation into the usefulness of MT in a higher education context. In 2010, Afrikaans and English translations generated by Google Translate and two human translators, based on the same set of source texts, were evaluated by a panel of raters by means of a holistic assessment tool. In 2011 and 2012, the same set of source texts was translated again with Google Translate, and those translations have since been evaluated in exactly the same manner. The results show that the quality of Google Translate’s output has improved over the three years. Subsequently, an error analysis was performed on the translation set of one text type by means of a second assessment tool. Despite an overall improvement in quality, we found that the 2012 translation contained unexpected new errors. In addition, the error analysis showed that mistranslation posed the largest risk when using this MT application. Users of MT should, therefore, understand the risks of their choice and that some text types and contexts are better suited to MT than others. Armed with this knowledge, translators and multilingual communities can make informed decisions regarding MT and translation technology in general.Publisher's versio