The thermal dehydration of natural zeolites

The zeolites constitute a group of minerals of much interest from geological, mineralogical and technological points of view. Structurally, they are tectosilicates with an 'open' framework containing channels and cavities which accommodate cations and water molecules. Generally, these cations are exchangeable and the water molecules can be removed or replaced reversibly without disrupting the framework.Because of the widespread occurrence of zeolites in various environments, they offer a fruitful field of investigation to geologists and this has led to the recognition of the so-called zeolite facies.Technologically, no mineral group is as versatile in its application possibilities as the zeolites. This is due to their high physical stability and specific sorptive properties. For this reason, zeolites are synthesized on a large scale and then appropriately named molecular sieves. In recent years large and relatively pure deposits of useful zeolites have been discovered. Since these can be made available at relatively low cost, the interest in natural zeolites is rapidly reviving.For many applications, zeolites have to be activated by heating. This involves dehydration of the minerals and consequently often causes drastic, but usually reversible, changes in the structure and unit-cell dimensions. Hence, the thermal properties of zeolites have been studied for many years. A brief review of this work is given in chapter 2. Because of the unsystematic approach in which inadequate techniques were often employed, the results have frequently been both inaccurate and controversial.In chapter 3, the dehydration process which is a composite reaction, is analysed. Zeolite dehydration appears to occur according to one or more of three basic types. Type 1 is a discrete reaction over a relatively short temperature range accompanied by a sharp peak in the DTA curve and a marked crystallographic transformation. Type 2 consists of a sequence of small dehydration steps resulting in a broad, often somewhat irregular DTA peak accompanied by small stepwise lattice adaptations. With type 3, dehydration occurs gradually without any apparent break, also resulting in a broad and smooth DTA peak. The lattice may either adapt gradually or remain virtually unaltered.Water vapour pressure strongly influences the reaction temperature and the dehydration process appears to occur so rapidly that equilibrium is instantly reached. The dehydration-rehydration hysteresis effect occurring in several zeolites, is not caused by possible non-equilibrium conditions of the dehydration reaction but by the lattice transformation.The so-called 'loosely held' water, denoted in chemical analyses as H 2 O-, appeared to be adsorbed internally in the structure instead of on the external surface.In chapter 4 a systematic thermal investigation of the zeolites belonging to the natrolite group, using dynamic methods of thermal analysis, is given. Upon heating and dehydration all members of this group react by a contraction of the lattice along the a and b axes and often an expansion along the c axis, in accordance with the general fibrous structure.Natrolite shows the highest thermal stability of the group and has a low (α) and a high (β) metaphase. Its isotypes mesolite and scolecite show a mutually resembling thermal behaviour which is very different from that of natrolite. The isotypes thomsonite and gonnardite also show a mutual resemblance with certain aspects of both natrolite and mesolite/scolecite. The relationship of edingtonite with the other members was not reflected by its thermal behaviour. X-ray data of all meta-phases were collected.With the aid of the DTA inhibited diffusion method pressure-temperature relations of zeolite dehydration reactions have been studied in chapter 5. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation appeared to be applicable and facilitated calculation of thermodynamic parameters of the reactions. For 18 zeolites more than 50 values for the heat of hydration have been calculated of which only a few had to be rejected because of non-equilibrium experimental conditions. From the reaction entropy change, values for the entropy of water in zeolites were calculated. These indicated that at least three types of water can be present in zeolites: 1. crystal water or low-entropy water with a standard entropy of 30-47 J/mole/deg (7 -11 cal/mole/deg); 2. zeolitic water or high-entropy water with a standard entropy in the range of 58-72 J/mole/deg (14 -17 cal/mole/deg); 3. so-called 'loosely bound' water with a high standard entropy of 58-63 J/mole/deg (14-15 cal/mole/deg).Low entropy appears to be associated with water molecules occupying 'fixed positions' in the structure whereas high entropy is associated with molecules possessing a higher degree of disorder because they are not coordinated in fixed positions

Relationship between physical attributes, clay fraction mineralogy and aluminum forms in soil

O alumínio (Al) é um dos elementos mais abundantes em massa nos solos brasileiros, estando presente em diferentes minerais e formas. Considerando a carência de informações sobre a sua participação no comportamento físico do solo, buscou-se, no presente estudo, avaliar a relação entre a mineralogia da fração argila, formas de Al e atributos físicos de diferentes solos. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas dos horizontes A e B de solos representativos das Zonas Fisiográficas Sul e Campos das Vertentes do estado de Minas Gerais. As amostras foram submetidas às caracterizações física, química e mineralógica. Estudos de correlação mostraram que os atributos físicos dos solos estudados estavam associados às diferentes formas de Al presentes e à mineralogia da fração argila: as formas de Al amorfas e menos cristalinas associaram-se mais aos atributos físicos relacionados com a agregação das partículas do solo, podendo esta associação ser atribuída à afinidade deste elemento com a matéria orgânica, enquanto os componentes cristalinos associaram-se mais aos atributos físicos relacionados com a organização estrutural dos solos._________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: Aluminum (Al) is one of the most abundant elements in weight in Brazilian soils, found in different minerals and forms. Considering the lack of information about its participation in the physical behavior of soil, the present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the mineralogy of the clay fraction, different forms of Al and physical attributes of different soils. Disturbed and undisturbed samples of A and B horizons of representative soils from the South and Campos das Vertentes physiographic regions in the State of Minas Gerais were therefore collected. The samples were subjected to physical, chemical and mineralogical characterizations. Correlation studies performed with the resulting data from the different characterizations showed that the physical attributes of the different studied soils are associated to the different forms of Al and to the mineralogy of the clay fraction: the amorphous and less crystalline forms of Al were more associated to physical attributes related with particle aggregation, such association being ascribed to the affinity of this element with organic matter, while the crystalline components were more associated to physical attributes related with the structural organization of the soils

From mutable compounds to soil minerals

A synopsis of the development of the many aspects of soil mineralogy is given, bearing out the great importance of mineralogy in soil science. These aspects include the identification and quantitative determination of soil minerals, the clay-mineral concept, the function of mineralogy in soil classification, the disregarded non-silicate minerals and the formation and transformation of minerals. Several of the encountered, and the remaining, problems are indicated and references containing useful specific information and/or new lines of thought are given