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Onderzoek naar belang van vertrouwensfactoren tijdens de voorbereidings- en biedingsfase van een contractonderhandelingsproces voor het uitbesteden van (IT-)projecten

Kinetic solvent effects on 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of benzonitrile oxide

The kinetics of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of benzonitrile oxide with a series of N-substituted maleimides and with cyclopentene are reported for water, a wide range of organic solvents and binary solvent mixtures. The results indicate the importance of both solvent polarity and specific hydrogen-bond interactions in governing the rates of the reactions. The aforementioned reactions are examples for which these factors often counteract, leading to a complex dependence of rate constants on the nature of the solvent. For the reactions of N-ethylmaleimide and N-n-butylmaleimide with benzonitrile oxide, isobaric activation parameters have been determined in several organic solvents, water, and water–1-propanol mixtures. Interestingly, the activation parameters reveal significant differences in solvation in different solvents that are not clearly reflected in the rate constants. In highly aqueous mixtures, enforced hydrophobic interactions lead to an increase in rate constant, relative to organic solvents. However, the overall rate enhancement in water is modest, if present at all, because the solvent polarity diminishes the rate constant. This pattern contrasts with common Diels–Alder reactions, where polarity, hydrogen-bond donor capacity and enforced hydrophobic interactions work together, which can result in impressive rate accelerations in water.

A Heroine Whom No-one Will Much Like: The Redemption of Emma Woodhouse

Of all the heroines of all of the celebrated novels of Jane Austen, Emma Woodhouse is arguably the most controversial; the majority of readers either loves or hates the eponymous young belle of Jane Austen’s Emma, with no small fraction of them tending toward the side of animosity. “A Heroine Whom No-one Will Much Like: The Redemption of Emma Woodhouse” aims to prove that, although Miss Woodhouse initially seems manipulative and inconsiderate, her generally flawed nature serves a purpose in terms of Austen’s ability to tell the story, and to further illustrate that there is more to Emma Woodhouse than meets the eye. After studying in-depth the heroine’s negatively portrayed character, the essay argues for the acknowledgement of Emma’s redeeming qualities and evidence of reformation by the end of the novel

The Relation Between Eating Disorders and Voice Disorders

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the relation between specific eating disorder diagnoses/purging behaviors and voice disorders. Method: One hundred-nine participants with eating disorders completed a survey inquiring about eating disorder symptoms, purging behaviors, and voice disorder symptoms. Participants also completed the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire, Voice Handicap Index, and the Reflux Symptom Index. Results: The prevalence of voice disorders among the group with eating disorders was 21.88%. Of those with both eating disorders and voice disorders, anorexia nervosa appeared to be more prevalent in this group than bulimia nervosa. In addition, purging behaviors of exercise presented with a higher prevalence of voice problems than vomiting. Conclusion: Individuals with eating disorders seem to be at a higher risk for voice disorders than the general population. Anorexia nervosa and exercise as a purging method were identified as the highest risk factors for voice disorders

Using the Borg CR10 Physical Exertion Scale to Measure Patient-perceived Vocal Effort Pre and Post Treatment

Objectives Reduction of vocal effort is a therapeutic goal in resonant voice therapy and in the treatment of a variety of voice disorders. The Borg CR10 is a perceived effort scale that is widely accepted across a wide variety of disciplines. The purpose of the present study was to examine (1) the utility of an anchored, adapted Borg CR10 in observing treatment-related vocal effort reduction and (2) the convergent validity of the Borg CR10 in its relation to Voice Handicap Index (VHI) item 14. Study Design This is a pretest-posttest experimental design. Methods A total of 36 individuals with phonotraumatic hyperfunctional voice disorders completed item 14 of the VHI and the Borg CR10 at the start and completion of four sessions of resonant voice therapy treatment. Results Scores from the Borg CR10 significantly differentiated pre- from post-therapy perceived effort levels. Convergent validity was demonstrated through significant associations with scores from item 14 of the VHI. Conclusion The anchored Borg CR10 is an easy to use clinical tool to capture treatment-related vocal effort reduction. Whereas VHI item 14 indicates how frequently increased perceived effort is experienced, the Borg CR10 captures the severity of perceived effort used. Thus, the two measures complement each other

Vocal responses to emotional picture viewing

Vocal changes in emotional situations may identify contributing factors in behavioral voice disorders and direct more efficient therapies. Finding appropriate measures of voicing that detect emotional conditions is a first step in this line of investigation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether electroglottography (EGG) contact quotient is a viable measure to detect vocal changes in different emotion states. Vocal responses in 18 vocally healthy participants were measured using EGG contact quotient during picture viewing from the International Affective Picture System. Results demonstrated that in negative emotional conditions participants employed significantly greater EGG contact quotient than in neutral or positive conditions. EGG contact quotient appears to be a viable measure to investigate voice and emotion

Personal and Professional Characteristics of Music Educators: One Size Does Not Fit All

Objectives/Hypothesis The prevalence of voice disorders among various educator groups is well known, and voice disorders among music educators are higher than the general classroom educators. Music educators vary with respect to behavioral and personality factors, personal characteristics, type of music taught, job-specific environment, and governmental professional expectations. This study aims to identify risk factors for voice disorders in a heterogeneous population of music educators. Study Design An online survey was conducted with 213 respondents. Methods Survey questions addressed demographics, level of education, years of music teaching experience, specialty training, primary teaching assignments and instrument, vocal health behaviors, and diagnoses of voice disorders. Summary statistics and group comparisons are reported. Results Those whose primary instrument was voice reported a greater frequency of voice disorders. Female and older music educators also had a higher prevalence of voice disorders. Conclusions Music educators are a heterogeneous group of individuals who require more careful consideration in the prevention and treatment of occupational voice problems