Denying the right to work. German trade regulation and anti-gypsy policy 1871-1914

This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in History of Retailing and Consumption on 17/01/2021, available online at: https://doi.org/10.1080/2373518X.2020.1859928 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.This article examines the role that a discriminatory application of the German Trade Code (Gewerbeordnung) played in the ‘Gypsy’ policy of the German Second Empire. It argues that the Code became central to the legalistic, bureaucratic form that their persecution assumed in this period, serving to criminalize the itinerant lifestyle of the Sinti and Roma and contributing greatly to their social and economic marginalization

Designing an enterprise social questions and answers site to enable scalable user-to-user support

Nowadays, the information technology infrastructure within organizations is getting more and more heterogeneous. Recent trends such as bring-your-own-device or choose-your-own-device satisfy user requests for diverse devices they already know from their private life. On the other hand, following these trends results in an increased complexity of the organizations’ infrastructure and a substantial rise in required effort for supporting users. In order to address this increased support demand, the establishment of a user-to-user support culture seems promising. An established concept to provide user-to-user support is the concept of social questions and answers (SQA) sites. SQA sites have been shown to be successful in the private context. Users can seek and provide knowledge and thereby support each other. This paper presents the design and evaluation of an enterprise SQA platform aiming to support employees in solving problems with processes or technologies. Building on already derived design principles, we discuss the design and implementation of the SQA prototype within an existing Customer Relation Management platform. The resulting system was then evaluated within five focus group sessions with professionals from various industries. The evaluation results show the validity of our design principles and the usefulness of the implemented prototype

Effect of Solution Composition of Plasmid DNA on Gene Transfection Following Liver Surface Administration in Mice

We investigated the effect of plasmid DNA (pDNA) solution composition on gene transfection following liver surface administration in mice. Gene transfection experiments in situ and in vivo were performed using the following pDNA solutions: dextrose solution, NaCl solution, phosphate buffer, phosphate-buffered saline, Tris/HCl buffer with EDTA, Tris/HCl buffer with EDTA and Triton X-100, and water. In in situ experiments, we used a glass cylindrical diffusion cell that limited the contact area between the liver surface and the naked pDNA solution. The gene transfection at the site of diffusion cell attachment increased in hypotonic solution, and decreased in hypertonic solution, compared with isotonic solution. In in vivo experiments, instillation of naked pDNA solution onto the liver surface using a micropipette caused no significant differences in gene transfection in the applied lobe. These results suggest that it is important to select the optimal pDNA solution composition to control the gene transfection