Категоріальна ситуація перфектності як засіб вираження відношень різночасності дій у рамках абзацу

Мета - довести, що категоріальна ситуація перфектності є основним із засобів вираження різночасності дій у тексті

Association between heart failure aetiology and magnitude of echocardiographic remodelling and outcome of cardiac resynchronization therapy

AIMS: Echocardiographic response after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is often lesser in ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) than non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) patients. We assessed the association of heart failure aetiology on the amount of reverse remodelling and outcome of CRT. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nine hundred twenty-eight CRT patients were retrospectively included. Reverse remodelling and endpoint occurrence (all-cause mortality, heart transplantation, or left ventricular assist device implantation) was assessed. Two response definitions [≥15% reduction left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) and ≥5% improvement left ventricular ejection fraction] and the most accurate cut-off for the amount of reverse remodelling that predicted endpoint freedom were assessed. Mean follow-up was 3.8 ± 2.4 years. ICM was present in 47%. ICM patients who were older (69 ± 7 vs. 63 ± 11), more often men (83% vs. 58%), exhibited less LVESV reduction (13 ± 31% vs. 23 ± 32%) and less left ventricular ejection fraction improvement (5 ± 11% vs. 10 ± 12%) than NIDCM patients (all P < 0.001). Nevertheless, every 1% LVESV reduction was associated with a relative reduction in endpoint occurrence: NIDCM 1.3%, ICM 0.9%, and absolute risk reduction was similar (0.4%). The most accurate cut-off of LVESV reduction that predicted endpoint freedom was 17.1% in NIDCM and 13.2% in ICM. CONCLUSIONS: ICM patients achieve less reverse remodelling than NIDCM, but the prognostic gain in terms of survival time is the same for every single percentage of reverse remodelling that does occur. The assessment and expected magnitude of reverse remodelling should take this effect of heart failure aetiology into account

Association between heart failure aetiology and magnitude of echocardiographic remodelling and outcome of cardiac resynchronization therapy

AIMS: Echocardiographic response after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is often lesser in ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) than non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) patients. We assessed the association of heart failure aetiology on the amount of reverse remodelling and outcome of CRT. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nine hundred twenty-eight CRT patients were retrospectively included. Reverse remodelling and endpoint occurrence (all-cause mortality, heart transplantation, or left ventricular assist device implantation) was assessed. Two response definitions [≥15% reduction left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) and ≥5% improvement left ventricular ejection fraction] and the most accurate cut-off for the amount of reverse remodelling that predicted endpoint freedom were assessed. Mean follow-up was 3.8 ± 2.4 years. ICM was present in 47%. ICM patients who were older (69 ± 7 vs. 63 ± 11), more often men (83% vs. 58%), exhibited less LVESV reduction (13 ± 31% vs. 23 ± 32%) and less left ventricular ejection fraction improvement (5 ± 11% vs. 10 ± 12%) than NIDCM patients (all P < 0.001). Nevertheless, every 1% LVESV reduction was associated with a relative reduction in endpoint occurrence: NIDCM 1.3%, ICM 0.9%, and absolute risk reduction was similar (0.4%). The most accurate cut-off of LVESV reduction that predicted endpoint freedom was 17.1% in NIDCM and 13.2% in ICM. CONCLUSIONS: ICM patients achieve less reverse remodelling than NIDCM, but the prognostic gain in terms of survival time is the same for every single percentage of reverse remodelling that does occur. The assessment and expected magnitude of reverse remodelling should take this effect of heart failure aetiology into account

QRS Area Is a Strong Determinant of Outcome in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

BACKGROUND: The combination of left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology and QRS duration is currently used to select patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). These parameters, however, have limitations. This study evaluates the value of QRS area compared with that of QRS duration and morphology in the association with clinical and echocardiographic outcomes in a large cohort of CRT patients. METHODS: A retrospective multicentre study was conducted in 1492 CRT patients. LBBB morphology, QRS duration, and QRS area in the baseline 12-lead ECG were evaluated for their association with the occurrence of the combined primary end point of all-cause mortality, cardiac transplantation, and left ventricular assist device implantation. Secondary end points were heart failure hospitalization within the first year after implantation and echocardiographic reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up period of 3.4 years, 32% of patients reached the primary end point. The association of QRS area with all outcomes was stronger than that of LBBB morphology and QRS duration separately and at least as strong as their combination. QRS area identified patients who did not experience the primary end point better than QRS morphology and QRS duration (area under the curve, 0.61 versus 0.55 and 0.51, respectively; P<0.001). Furthermore, QRS area identifies patients with echocardiographic remodeling in response to CRT better than QRS morphology and duration (area under the curve, 0.69 versus 0.58 and 0.58, respectively; P<0.001). QRS area was the only independent electrocardiographic determinant associated with the primary end point; hazard ratio, 0.50 (0.35-0.71). Furthermore, QRS area showed significant association with outcomes in both patients with and without LBBB and QRS ≥150 ms. CONCLUSIONS: QRS area has a strong association to clinical and echocardiographic response to CRT, at least as strong as current patient selection parameters. QRS area may be particularly useful to predict CRT response in patients without a wide LBBB

Phagocytosis assay.

<p>CFU quantification of macrophages challenged with <i>T</i>. <i>rubrum</i> cells and treated with aPI therapy. ^# Compared to untreated control (C), dark toxicity and blue light 10 J/cm² (B.L.) controls. * Compared to all other groups. B.L. Blue light 10 J/cm² (17 minutes). *,^# p < 0.05. Each treatment per group was performed in triplicate and data is a composite of two independent experiments. The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM.</p

Evolution of Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume over time of late non-responders.

<p>At six-month follow-up late non-responders showed a significant median decrease of left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) of 28%. However, at 14-month follow-up, LVESV almost returned to baseline values again.</p

Flow chart of responders and non-responders.

<p>Flow chart of responders and non-responders.</p

Baseline data of six-month responders, and stratified by late non-responders and stable responders.

<p>p-value between late non-responders and stable responders:</p><p>* = p < 0.05,</p><p>^# = p < 0.001</p><p>ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme, BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide, IQR: Interquartile range, IVCD: Interventricular conduction delay, IVMD: Interventricular mechanical delay, LA: Left atrium, LBBB: Left bundle branch block, LVEDV: left ventricular end diastolic volume, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, LVESV: left ventricular end systolic volume, NYHA: New York Heart Association, RA: Right atrium, RBBB: Right bundle branch block, RV: Right ventricle, SRS_sept: Systolic Rebound Stretch of the Septum</p><p>Baseline data of six-month responders, and stratified by late non-responders and stable responders.</p

MACE between 14–24 months after implantation in 6 and 14-month responders and non-responders.

<p>MACE: Major adverse cardiac events</p><p>MACE between 14–24 months after implantation in 6 and 14-month responders and non-responders.</p

Refining success of cardiac resynchronization therapy using a simple score predicting the amount of reverse ventricular remodelling:results from the Markers and Response to CRT (MARC) study

Aims Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reduces morbidity and mortality in systolic heart failure patients with ventricular conduction delay. Variability of individual response to CRT warrants improved patient selection. The Markers and Response to CRT (MARC) study was designed to investigate markers related to response to CRT. Methods and results We prospectively studied the ability of 11 clinical, 11 electrocardiographic, 4 echocardiographic, and 16 blood biomarkers to predict CRT response in 240 patients. Response was measured by the reduction of indexed left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESVi) at 6 months follow-up. Biomarkers were related to LVESVi change using loglinear regression on continuous scale. Covariates that were significant univariately were included in a multivariable model. The final model was utilized to compose a response score. Age was 67 +/- 10 years, 63% were male, 46% had ischaemic aetiology, LV ejection fraction was 26 +/- 8%, LVESVi was 75 +/- 31 mL/m(2), and QRS was 178 +/- 23 ms. At 6 months LVESVi was reduced to 58 +/- 31 mL/m2 (relative reduction of 22 +/- 24%), 130 patients (61%) showed >_ 15% LVESVi reduction. In univariate analysis 17 parameters were significantly associated with LVESVi change. In the final model age, QRSAREA (using vectorcardiography) and two echocardiographic markers (interventricular mechanical delay and apical rocking) remained significantly associated with the amount of reverse ventricular remodelling. This CAVIAR (CRT-Age-Vectorcardiographic QRSAREA-Interventricular Mechanical delay-Apical Rocking) response score also predicted clinical outcome assessed by heart failure hospitalizations and all-cause mortality. Conclusions The CAVIAR response score predicts the amount of reverse remodelling after CRT and may be used to improve patient selectio