208 research outputs found
Le rapport entre les langues dans lâĆuvre de FĂ©lix PĂ©caut : de la langue maternelle Ă la langue de lâidĂ©al, en passant par la langue nationale
Notre travail se penche sur une pĂ©riode particuliĂšre qui se situe dans la deuxiĂšme moitiĂ© du XIXe siĂšcle, au moment oĂč le projet de reforme de lâenseignement primaire commence Ă prendre corps. Dans Quinze ans dâĂ©ducation. Notes Ă©crites au jour le jour, FĂ©lix PĂ©caut aborde la question des langues maternelles en rapport Ă la langue nationale pour sâinterroger sur la place que lâĂ©cole doit leur accorder. Ses Notes, qui nous livrent un imaginaire liĂ© Ă la reprĂ©sentation des langues, sont des germes dâun discours Ă tenir. Ce sont ces images concernant la reprĂ©sentation des langues qui seront lâobjet de notre analyse. Elle se servira de lâĂ©tude du Rapport de GrĂ©goire de 1794. Nous obtiendrons une filiation entre le rĂ©seau dâimages construit au XVIIIe et celui construit au XIXe qui nous parlera enfin de la construction identitaire des français Ă des Ă©poques clĂ© de leur Histoire.Our work aims to overview a particular time during the second half of the XIX century when the reformation of primary education starts to develop. In Quinze ans dâĂ©ducation. Notes Ă©crites au jour le jour, FĂ©lix PĂ©caut looks at the relation between mother tongues and national language, investigating the place the School accorded to that issue.His Notes, showing us an imagery related to therepresentation of languages, are the blossoms of our discourse. What we aim to study is this images-based representation of languages. This will serve the study of GrĂ©goireâs Rapport dated 1794. By doing so we will achieve a filiation between the group of images built in the XVIII century and that one built in the XIX century, highlighting, at the end, the construction of french identity throughout important periods of their history
âLa construction de lâaltĂ©ritĂ© par la âdĂ©finition naturelleâ. Enjeux linguistiques, culturels et identitaires du discours missionnaireâ
Through his works, Celestino Testore gave an important reflection on the construction of otherness by the ânatural definitionâ. The missionary discourse ends up confirming or invalidating, through the play of representation, the identity of the young protagonists. In order to understand the linguistic and cultural issues of missionary discourse in a given intercultural context, this article is centred on a corpus of 23 missionary narratives for youth. These texts â published in Quebec and edited by lâApostolat de la Presse â present a classical ethnological approach for which the identification of the Other results in a closed network of meanings that use comparisons based on an ethno-centred perspective. However, in this kind of discourse we can also observe some unexpected signs of interculturality
Building in-house PBPK modelling tools for oral drug administration from literature information
The interest in using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models as a support to the drug development decision making process has rapidly increased in the last years. These kind of models are examples of the âbottom upâ modelling strategy, which progressively integrates into a mechanistic framework different information as soon as they become available along the drug development. For this reason PBPK models can be used with different aims, from the early stages of drug development up to the clinical phases. Different software tools are nowadays available. They can be categorized in âdesigned softwareâ and âopen softwareâ. The first ones typically include commercial platforms expressly designed to implement PBPK models, in which the model structure is pre-defined, assumptions are generally not explicitly declared and equations are hidden to the user. Even if the software is validated and routinely used in the pharmaceutical industry, sometimes they do not allow working with the flexibility needed to cope with specific applications/tasks. For this reason, some scientists prefer to define and implement their own PBPK tool in âopenâ software. This paper shows how to build an in-house PBPK tool from species-related physiological information available in the literature and a limited number of drug specific parameters generally made available by the drug development process. It also reports the results of an evaluation exercise that compares simulated plasma concentration-time profiles and related pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters (i.e., AUC, Cmax and Tmax) with literature and in-house data. This evaluation involved 25 drugs with different physico-chemical properties, intravenously or orally administrated in three different species (i.e., rat, dog and man). The comparison shows that model predictions have a good degree of accuracy, since the average fold error for all the considered PK parameters is close to 1 and only in few cases the fold error is greater than 2. In summary, the paper demonstrates that addressing specific aims when needed is possible by creation of in-house PBPK tools with satisfactory performances and it provides some suggestions how to do that.
This paper shows how to build an in-house PBPK tool from species-related physiological information available in the literature and a limited number of drug specific parameters generally made available by the drug development process. It also reports the results of an evaluation exercise that compares simulated plasmatic concentration-time profiles and related PK parameters (i.e., AUC, Cmax and Tmax) with literature and in-house data. This evaluation involved 25 drugs with different physico-chemical properties, intravenously or orally administrated in three different species (i.e., rat, dog and man). The comparison shows that model predictions have a good degree of accuracy, since the average fold error for all the considered PK parameters is close to 1 and only in few cases the fold error is grater than 2.
In summary, the paper shows that to address specific aims, when needed, it is possible to create in-house PBPK tools with satisfactory performances and it provides some suggestions to do that
Organic cation transporters (OCTs/OCTNs) in human primary alveolar epithelial cells.
Abstract Alveolar epithelium, besides exerting a key role in gas exchange and surfactant production, plays important functions in host defense and inflammation. Pathological conditions associated to alveolar dysfunction include Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The use of predictive in vitro models of human alveolar epithelium is nowadays required for the study of disease mechanisms, as well as of pharmacokinetic parameters of pulmonary drugs delivery. Here, we employed a novel 3D model of human alveoli, namely EpiAlveolarâą, consisting of primary alveolar epithelial cells, pulmonary endothelial cells and fibroblasts, that reflects properly the in vivo-like conditions. In EpiAlveolarâą we performed a characterization of Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs and OCTNs) expression and activity and we found that OCTN2, OCT1 and OCT3 are expressed on the basolateral membrane; instead, ATB0,+ transporter for cationic and neutral amino acids, which shares with OCTN2 the affinity for carnitine as substrate, is readily detectable and functional at the apical side. We also show that these transporters differentially interact with anticholinergic drugs. Overall, our findings reveal close similarities of EpiAlveolarâą with the tracheal/bronchial epithelium (EpiAirwayâą model) and entrust this alveolar tissue as a potential tool for the screening of biopharmaceuticals molecules
Terminologia e interculturalitĂ . Problematiche e prospettive
La terminologia contribuisce al consolidamento di patrimoni linguistici e culturali mentre la sua diffusione intra- e interlinguistica favorisce la costruzione di dialoghi interdisciplinari, evolvendo in parallelo a nuovi bisogni e contesti. Queste dinamiche si innestano nelle problematiche della comunicazione interculturale, tanto nelle pratiche dellâespressione quanto in quelle della traduzione interlinguistica. In questo volume, studiose e studiosi, specialiste e specialisti di terminologia presentano le loro riflessioni su queste tematiche, indagando la dimensione culturale e interculturale della ricerca terminologica e delle sue pratiche, interrogando tutti i fenomeni relativi allâincontro fra culture in atto nella realizzazione discorsiva di ambito specialistico. Tali riflessioni considerano ogni dimensione della testualitĂ , fino agli spazi digitali, che offrono strumenti di analisi oltre i limiti della materialitĂ , offrendo cosĂŹ un panorama ampio nel dibattito in corso, un terreno fertile per la verifica teorica alle questioni di ricerca in ambito terminologico
Colorectal Cancer Stage at Diagnosis Before vs During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
IMPORTANCE Delays in screening programs and the reluctance of patients to seek medical
attention because of the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 could be associated with the risk of more advanced
colorectal cancers at diagnosis.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was associated with more advanced
oncologic stage and change in clinical presentation for patients with colorectal cancer.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective, multicenter cohort study included all
17 938 adult patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer from March 1, 2020, to December
31, 2021 (pandemic period), and from January 1, 2018, to February 29, 2020 (prepandemic period),
in 81 participating centers in Italy, including tertiary centers and community hospitals. Follow-up was
30 days from surgery.
EXPOSURES Any type of surgical procedure for colorectal cancer, including explorative surgery,
palliative procedures, and atypical or segmental resections.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was advanced stage of colorectal cancer
at diagnosis. Secondary outcomes were distant metastasis, T4 stage, aggressive biology (defined as
cancer with at least 1 of the following characteristics: signet ring cells, mucinous tumor, budding,
lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and lymphangitis), stenotic lesion, emergency surgery,
and palliative surgery. The independent association between the pandemic period and the outcomes
was assessed using multivariate random-effects logistic regression, with hospital as the cluster
variable.
RESULTS A total of 17 938 patients (10 007 men [55.8%]; mean [SD] age, 70.6 [12.2] years)
underwent surgery for colorectal cancer: 7796 (43.5%) during the pandemic period and 10 142
(56.5%) during the prepandemic period. Logistic regression indicated that the pandemic period was
significantly associated with an increased rate of advanced-stage colorectal cancer (odds ratio [OR],
1.07; 95%CI, 1.01-1.13; P = .03), aggressive biology (OR, 1.32; 95%CI, 1.15-1.53; P < .001), and stenotic
lesions (OR, 1.15; 95%CI, 1.01-1.31; P = .03).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This cohort study suggests a significant association between the
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the risk of a more advanced oncologic stage at diagnosis among patients
undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer and might indicate a potential reduction of survival for
these patients
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