Effects of Corruption on Poverty and Economic Growth

Promoting economic growth and poverty reduction have become important in national and international policy framework; however in low-income countries, corruption threatens the global fight against poverty. Therefore, there is a strong correlation between economic performance and a country’s ranking on the corruption indices, however, no causality between poverty and corruption can be derived from this correlation. Since most of the studies which have investigated the link between corruption and poverty may draw conclusions on causality in the form of models that only show correlation, this study is set out to investigate the Granger causal relationship between corruption and poverty as the first objective. It uses dynamic panel system GMM estimators, focuses on capability poverty using human poverty index (HPI) and is based on a sample of 97 countries during 1997-2006. The empirical findings reveal that corruption and poverty go together, with bidirectional causality. Although ASEAN has recorded good economic growth, corruption and poverty are high in the region. This may lead to some doubt as to whether ASEAN countries are outlier. The second objective of this study is to investigate the effects of corruption on long run growth for ASEAN countries and compare it with the other developing countries during 1997-2006 using GMM estimators. The estimated growth equation used in this study is the growth equation popularized by Barro (1991). The basic model is modified to include corruption but as the robustness check in other specifications, additional variables are included. The results of linear growth equation show that corruption increases economic growth both in ASEAN and developing countries and support the idea that in economies with low level of governance, corruption is beneficial for economic growth. Additionally, the empirical evidence reveals a non linear relationship between corruption and growth with the results indicating corruption increases economic growth at low incidence levels of and hampers it at higher level. The results of non linear growth equation also confirm that in economies with low level of governance, small amount of corruption increases growth. This study also traces the transmission channels including investment in physical capital and human capital. While the results of the linear physical capital equation indicate that corruption increases growth through its positive effect on investment in physical capital, the results of nonlinear equation show that the relationship between investment in physical capital and corruption is justified by an inverted U shape function. The results of human capital equation also suggest that corruption hampers growth through its adverse effects on the human capital stock. Overall, the total positive effect of corruption on growth is verified in low level of incidence and low level of governance for ASEAN countries as well as developing countries. Finally the third objective is to study the effects of corruption on poverty for the same countries and in the same time period. The empirical results indicate that in addition to the direct effects of corruption on poverty, it has an indirect effect through economic growth. While economic growth adversely affects poverty, the increased growth that is due to increased corruption is not pro poor and increases poverty

The Causal Relationship between Corruption and Poverty: A Panel Data Analysis

Most of the studies which have investigated the link between corruption and poverty may draw conclusions on causality in the form of models that only show correlation. This study is set out to investigate the Granger causal relationship between corruption and poverty. It uses dynamic panel system GMM estimators, focuses on capability poverty using human poverty index (HPI) and is based on a sample of 97 developing countries during 1997-2006. The empirical findings reveal that corruption and poverty go together, with bidirectional causality.Corruption, Poverty, Panel Data Analysis

Health Poverty Trend among families with child using Health Financial Contribution and cohort approach: 1984-2012

Background and Aims: Health is an important dimension in analyzing multidimensional child poverty. High life expenditure imposed on families has lead to the household’s health poverty. Considering the importance of childhood and measuring health poverty indices to inform planners and towards distributive effects of policy strategies, as well as, family welfare, this paper tends to measure and analyse the trends of health poverty of Iranian “households with child” from 1984-2012.Materials and Methods: In this trend study, statistical data on household budgets were considered to measure health poverty in households with child (using FGt index). The results were analyzed using STATA and Excel Software.Results: The results showed that the poverty rate was the highest in terms of all age group’s health in 1999. While, the health poverty rate among families with children in the age group of 11-15-year-old showed an upward trend in recent periods (the end of the fourth development goal and beginning of fifth Program), it was associated with fluctuations in other age groups.Conclusion: Overall, health poverty rate was high in all age groups although it showed high fluctuations. The high fluctuations of the health poverty index during the development plans indicate that stable and consistent policy has not been developed to reduce households facing catastrophic health expenditure. At the end of this research, some recommendations have been offered to reduce the amount of household’s health poverty.Key words: health poverty, household financial contribution, cohort approach, chil

Treatment of a Maxillary First Molar with Two Palatal Roots

Thorough knowledge of the morphology and internal anatomy of the root canal system is essential, because it determines the successful outcome of endodontic treatment. The main goal of endodontic treatment is to prevent apical periodontitis and/or to promote the healing of periapical lesion. Presence of two canals or roots on the palatal side of the first maxillary molar has rarely been reported. This case report presents a maxillary first molar with two separate palatal roots.Keywords: Anatomic Variation; Maxillary First Molar; Palatal Root; Root Canal Anatomy  

Samba - Zugriff vom PC auf UNIX-Ressourcen

Der Vortrag stellt die Public Domain Software ¨samba¨ vor. Samba ist eine Implementation des SMB-Protokolls und wird benutzt, um Ressourcen eines UNIX-Systems, wie Filesystem-Kapazitaet und Drucker-Warteschlangen einem PC unter MS-DOS oder Windows verfuegbar zu machen. Es wird insbesondere auf die Verwendung von Samba im URZ der TU Chemnitz-Zwickau eingegangen, wo mittels Samba der Zugang zu AFS-HOME-Verzeichnissen aller Nutzer und weiteren Ressourcen ausgehend von jedem PC im Campusnetz ermoeglicht wird

Product Ranking on Online Platforms

On online platforms, consumers face an abundance of options that are displayed in the form of a position ranking. Only products placed in the first few positions are readily accessible to the consumer, and she needs to exert effort to access more options. For such platforms, we develop a two-stage sequential search model where, in the first stage, the consumer sequentially screens positions to observe the preference weight of the products placed in them and forms a consideration set. In the second stage, she observes the additional idiosyncratic utility that she can derive from each product and chooses the highest-utility product within her consideration set. For this model, we first characterize the optimal sequential search policy of a welfare-maximizing consumer. We then study how platforms with different objectives should rank products. We focus on two objectives: (i) maximizing the platform’s market share and (ii) maximizing the consumer’s welfare. Somewhat surprisingly, we show that ranking products in decreasing order of their preference weights does not necessarily maximize market share or consumer welfare. Such a ranking may shorten the consumer’s consideration set due to the externality effect of high-positioned products on low-positioned ones, leading to insufficient screening. We then show that both problems—maximizing market share and maximizing consumer welfare—are NP-complete. We develop novel near-optimal polynomial-time ranking algorithms for each objective. Further, we show that, even though ranking products in decreasing order of their preference weights is suboptimal, such a ranking enjoys strong performance guarantees for both objectives. We complement our theoretical developments with numerical studies using synthetic data, in which we show (1) that heuristic versions of our algorithms that do not rely on model primitives perform well and (2) that our model can be effectively estimated using a maximum likelihood estimator. This paper was accepted by Gabriel Weintraub, revenue management and market analytics. </jats:p

اندازه گیری و تحلیل روند فقر سلامت در خانوارهای دارای کودک در ایران با استفاده از شاخص مشارکت مالی خانوار و به کارگیری رویکرد نسلی:1391-1363

Background and Aims:&nbsp;Health is an important dimension in analyzing multidimensional child poverty. High life expenditure imposed on families has lead to the household’s health poverty. Considering the importance of childhood and measuring health poverty indices to inform planners and towards distributive effects of policy strategies, as well as, family welfare, this paper tends to measure and analyse the trends of health poverty of Iranian “households with child” from 1984-2012.Materials and Methods: In this trend study, statistical data on household budgets were considered to measure health poverty in households with child (using FGt index). The results were analyzed using STATA and Excel Software.Results: The results showed that the poverty rate was the highest in terms of all age group’s health in 1999. While, the health poverty rate among families with children in the age group of 11-15-year-old showed an upward trend in recent periods (the end of the fourth development goal and beginning of fifth Program), it was associated with fluctuations in other age groups.Conclusion: Overall, health poverty rate was high in all age groups although it showed high fluctuations. The high fluctuations of the health poverty index during the development plans indicate that stable and consistent policy has not been developed to reduce households facing catastrophic health expenditure. At the end of this research, some recommendations have been offered to reduce the amount of household’s health poverty.زمینه و هدف: &nbsp;سلامت یک از ابعاد مهم در در تحلیل فقرچندبعدی کودک است، از طرفی مواجه خانوارها با پرداخت های کمرشکن منجر به فقر سلامت خانوار می گردد. نظر به اهمیت دوران کودکی و نیز &nbsp;اندازه گیری شاخص هاي فقر سلامت در اطلاع رساني به برنامه ريزان نسبت به اثرات توزيعي راهبردهای سیاستی و نیز رفاه خانوار، هدف مقاله حاضر محاسبه و تحلیل روند فقر سلامت خانوارهای دارای کودک در کشور طی دوره زمانی 1391-1363می باشد. مواد و روش ها: این تحقیق از جمله مطالعات روند می باشد که با استفاده از داده های پیمایش هزینه – درآمد جریان فقر سلامت خانوارهای دارای کودک در چهار گروه سنی را با رویکرد داده های شبه ترکیبی(و استفاده از شاخص فقر فوستر، گریر و&nbsp; توربک) مورد بررسی قرار می دهد. لازم به ذکر است که در انجام محاسبات از نرم افزار های Stata11 و Excel بهره گرفته شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که نرخ فقر سلامت در سال 1373 بالاتر از سالهای دیگر در تمام گروه های سنی بوده است. نرخ فقر سلامتی در خانوارهای گروه سنی 15-11 ساله در دوره های اخیر(انتهای برنامه چهارم توسعه و شروع برنامه پنجم) &nbsp;روندی صعودی داشته اما در سایر گروه های سنی با نوساناتی همراه بوده است. نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی در اغلب گروه های سنی نرخ فقر سلامت دارای نوسان و میزان آن نیز در سالهای مطالعه بالا بوده است. نوسانات بالای این شاخص در طول برنامه های توسعه نشان می دهد که سیاستهای پایدار و منسجمی برای کاستن از مواجه خانوارهای دارای کودک با هزینه های کمرشکن سلامت تدوین نگردیده است. در انتهای مقاله در راستای کاهش میزان و شدت فقر سلامت خانوارها پیشنهاداتی ارائه گردیده است