Perceived Distributive Injustice, the Key Factor in Nurse’s Disruptive Behaviors: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Disruptive behaviors are one of the most topics affecting the wellbeing of organizations, therefore, it has become a significant research area. The purpose of this study was to determine experiences and perceptions of nurses who were involved in disruptive behaviors. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted by using a conventional content analysis. The data was obtained through 15 unstructured and in-depth interviews with nurses in six hospitals of Tehran city, Iran. A purposive sampling method was used. All interviews were recorded, typed and analyzed simultaneously. Results: The main theme obtained from the nurses’ views and experiences analysis about disruptive behaviors were injustice and discrimination in hospitals including injustice in payments, work division, interactions, and judgment and evaluations. Conclusion: It seems that the best way to prevent and correct the disruptive behaviors was to eliminate the perceived nurses’ injustice feeling and establishment the justice and fairness in organizations

Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Funding: F Carvalho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT), in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB; FCT/MCTES through the project UIDB/50006/2020. J Conde acknowledges the European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325). V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006.proofepub_ahead_of_prin

The Role of England and East India Company for the Separation of Afghanistan from Iran during Qajar Era

During Qajar era, Afghanistan became the central of attention as a result of reasons such as temporal rebellions, the invasion of rulers of regions i.e. Herat, Qandehar and Kabol to Khorasan and also Qajar kings' tendency for restoration of sovereignty on such regions. Internationally, some factors including the domination of England and East India Company on India, England's fear for Dorani Afqan's Attacks and colonial rivalries with Russia and France had a remarkable role in the importance of Afghanistan.  England succeeded in provoking Fath Ali Shah against Zaman Shah Dorani by sending ambassadors and signing the treaties. Subsequently, England prevented the alliance of Iran with France and the influence of France by invalid promises for financial and military assistances against Russia troops and restoration of Caucasus regions' control. Under Mohammed Shah's kingdom, the fear of Russia's influence on Central Asia and Afghanistan obliged England not only to provoke the rulers of Herat against Iran's government but also to attack Persian Gulf's islands preventing from Iran's conquest in Heart and other regions by utilizing the policy of threat and challenge. During Nasser Al din Shah's period, at first, England imposed the contract of 1269 A.H on Iran and then the separation of Herat by occupation of south of Iran and Paris treaty, which was as a result of incompetence of Iran's authorities

Meta-analysis of Saffron (.Crocus sativus L) Agronomical Researches, with an Emphasis on the Consumption of Organic Fertilizers and Agronomical Practices in Iran

Studies that investigated the impact of organic fertilizers (manure, compost and biological fertilizers) and agronomical practices (density, method, date and depth of planting) on saffron yield have a long history in Iran. Due to the distribution and inconsistency in the results obtained from different studies, a meta-analytic approach was used in the current study. for this aim, 47 organic fertilizers studies and 44 agronomical practices studies were selected from 202 gathered studies and analyzed. The criteria for the selection of studies were the adequacy of data for the present meta-analysis. Among the individual fertilizer studies, manure fertilizer had the highest impact on saffron dry weight (g= 1.493) at 95% confidence interval. Average amount, 40 to 50ton/ha of cow manure, 20 to 30ton/ha of compost that is used as a combination with Biofertilizer (Nitroxin with Nitrogen-fixing bacteria) were more effective than higher amounts of these fertilizers will be alone. Among the agronomical practices studies, plant density had the highest and depth of planting had the lowest effect size on economical yield and number of flower. The optimal density for maximum yield was 50-100 corm per (m2), optimal consumed weight average 9-12 ton per hectare observed, optimal weight of any corm was 10-20 (g). Among planting methods, row-mass method was the best optimal (inter-planting was 20 cm and intra-planting 10 cm). The best planting dates was the end of May and the first decade of Jun. Optimal planting depth was 15-20cm. Homogeneity between organic fertilizers studies was accepted and the homogeneity between agronomical practices except depth of planting studies was accepted. This heterogeneity was caused by factors such as age of farms and different regions that had the most impact on heterogeneity and effect size. The present meta-analysis aims to provide a better understanding of agronomical and fertilizers management and offer the best possible management for this crop

The Incidence of Acute Diarrhea in Children under Five Years Old in Rasht City in 2009: The First Phase if the Effect of Using Sewerage System

Background and Objective: The lack of a proper sewage collection & disposal system, the water and sewerage project, in the city of Rasht, became a priority by Guilan province Urban Water and Sewerage Company with the government partnership and World Bank financial support. The objective of this research was to complete the first phase of a two-phase study, to determine the impact of using an urban sewerage system on acute diarrhea in children under five years old, in Rasht city in the Guilan province.Materials and Methods: The study is a concurrent control before and after field trial which is carried out in two phases: before (phase I) and after (phase II). Sampling for phase I was performed in the middle month of each season, November and February 2009 and May and August 2010. The incidence of acute Diarrhea was measured with the participation of 1560 mothers of children under 5 years old. This was done in two groups: the intervention group (inside the sewerage system project perimeters) and the control group (outside the project perimeters). Data was collected by local female general practitioners and medical students by door-to-door interviews with mothers. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 11.5 software package. The Pearson Chi-Square was used to compare qualitative variables between groups, whilst the t-test and One-Way ANOVA was used to compare quantitative variables.Results: The average annual incidence of acute diarrhea in children under five years old was 10.4% (9.4% in the intervention group and 11.4% in the control group). The seasonal pattern of acute diarrhea incidence was 10.5% (9.3% in the intervention group and 11.7% in the control group) in May, 12.5% (11.5% in the intervention group and 13.4% in the control group) in August, 9.3% (8.1% in the intervention group and 10.5% in the control group) in November, and 9.1% (8.5% in the intervention group and 9.8% in the control group) in February respectively.Conclusion: The study showed the incidence of acute diarrhea in children under five years old in Rasht city is moderate and it follows a seasonal pattern. The highest rate was seen in summer and the lowest rate in winter. It is expected to decrease with the initiation of the sewerage system program.Keywords: Acute Diarrhea, Children, Incidence rate, Epidemiology, Sewerage, Rash