Comparesion the electrical parameters of photovoltaic cell using numerical methods

For a research problem: as a single-diode model (electrical circuit) is difficult to discover the precise answer to employing analytical approaches, develop and compute the electrical parameters of the PV cell roughly using numerical algorithms. Therefore, the goal of this work is to create an algorithm that aids in the approximate solution of the electrical parameters of solar cells. Three methods have been proposed for these calculations, each of which has a quicker calculation time and a higher level of accuracy. By streamlining the calculation process, the proposed method solves the problems of complexity and precision. The I-V and P-V characteristic curves of solar cells can then be utilized to compare the efficacy of the tested methods. In addition, the analysis of root mean square error indicates that the proposed method is more applicable than alternative methods. In fact, this extraction procedure can be regarded as an efficient and precise method for estimating the single diode model parameters of solar cells. The results indicate that this precise and effective strategy can play an important role in the retrieval of single diode model parameters. In fact, the method proposed in this paper makes numerically implementing parameter models in technology simpler. In addition, it provides an optimization suggestion for the production of solar cell

Recurrence times in stochastic processes and dynamical systems

In this work we consider various aspects of recurrence times in stochastic processes and dynamical systems. The first part of the thesis is set in the context of zero-one stochastic processes. Here, by a zero-one stochastic pro- cess is meant a sequence of functions on a given set where each function takes values of either zero or one. The discussion is primarily concerned with stationary processes and is a rigourous and, in some aspects, a more general discussion of work of P. Kasteleyn. A connection between notions of recurrence in zero-one stochastic processes and dynamical systems admitting an invariant probability is established. The later part of the thesis presents new results in some special dynamical systems. These results are mainly to do with calculating the standard deviation of recurrence times and discussing the fininteness of the standard deviation, and are related to the existing literature

The Effects of Heat Treating Process Parameters on the Hardness of a Martensitic Stainless Steel

This research examines the effect of different austenitizing and stress relieving temperatures on the grain size and hardness of martensitic stainless steel. A grade 420 stainless steel with controlled carbon content was examined. Samples were austenitized at four different temperatures ranges from 1800F to 1900F. The samples were quenched with nitrogen gas and stress relieved to a range from 400F to 600F in increments of 50F and held for one hour. Both ASM and ASTM standards were used to measure the hardness and the grain size. The results indicate that the grain size and hardness increase as austenitizing temperature increases. However, the hardness decreases as stress relieving temperature increases at any austenitizing temperature.