De-Centering “The” Survey: The Value of Multiple Introductory Surveys to Art History

This essay stems from our concern that art historians still conceive of “The” Survey in terms that privilege Western artistic traditions. In this article, we offer an alternative that we designate as the multi-survey model (MSM) or approach. “The survey” becomes “the surveys” that introduce students to Western arts and the art forms of often underrepresented regions. Twenty-one percent of the schools surveyed in our peer review employ similar models, and yet the MSM has yet to attract critical scholarly attention. This essay addresses a void in present scholarship and elaborates upon three main goals of the MSM, all of which help to de-center the survey from Western origins and to challenge the discourse that positions Western art as normative. First, the MSM creates opportunities for students to delve into the particularities of a specific region and its narratives of art, which often exist outside Western art historical discourse. Second, the MSM produces a productive dialogue between the Western survey and the regional surveys of Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, Pacific Cultures, and other regions. Last, students investigate agency of representation, and in particular how the arts of Asia and the Americas are presented in the Western world. The MSM deliberately concedes global coverage in favor of capitalizing upon the strengths of faculty members in small art history departments. The MSM ensures that students engage with a variety of cultural perspectives early in their art history careers and bolsters our efforts to create a more globally aware citizenry at the college level

Identification of epicatechin as one of the key bioactive constituents of polyphenol-enriched extracts that demonstrate an anti-allergic effect in a murine model of food allergy

Polyphenols are naturally derived bioactive compounds with numerous reported health benefits. We have previously reported on the beneficial effect of a polyphenol-enriched apple extract in a murine model of food allergy. The objectives of the present study were to elucidate the class of bioactive polyphenols that exhibit a beneficial anti-allergic effect and to assess whether the protective effect matches the in vivo bioavailable metabolite concentrations. Female BALB/c mice were sensitised to ovalbumin (OVA) following the protocol of a well-established murine model of food allergy. They were fed diets containing polyphenol-enriched extracts or purified epicatechin for 8d after the last sensitisation. The sensitised mice were orally challenged with OVA after the intervention. The allergy symptoms, in addition to allergen-specific serum Ig concentrations and gene expression profiles in the intestine, of the control and treated mice were compared. Plasma samples were collected to compare the concentrations of bioavailable epicatechin metabolites in the treatment groups. Polyphenol-enriched fruit extracts containing epicatechin exhibited a significant anti-allergic effect in vivo. This effect was unambiguously attributed to epicatechin, as oral administration of this purified polyphenol to sensitised mice by inclusion in their diet modulated allergy symptoms in a dose-dependent manner. Immune parameters were also affected by the administration of epicatechin. Bioavailability measurements in plasma indicated that the attenuation of allergy symptoms could be due to the higher concentrations of bioavailable epicatechin metabolites. In conclusion, epicatechin is a key bioactive polyphenol that has the ability to modulate allergy outcomes in sensitised mic

Educational Evaluation, Assessment, & Effectiveness Glossary: A Claremont Graduate University EDUC 445 Fall 2021 Course Publication

This glossary is intended to support professionals who are seeking to understand evaluation, assessment, and effectiveness in the context of K-12 and higher education. The definitions in this e-book represent the shared meanings that were co-created by education professionals in EDUC 445 at the Claremont Graduate University during Fall 2021 under the guidance of Dr. Gwen Garrison, PhD

Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women

The present study investigated the impact of a Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 (LPR) supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women over 24 weeks. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial, each subject consumed two capsules per d of either a placebo or a LPR formulation (1·6×108 colony-forming units of LPR/capsule with oligofructose and inulin). Each group was submitted to moderate energy restriction for the first 12 weeks followed by 12 weeks of weight maintenance. Body weight and composition were measured at baseline, at week 12 and at week 24. The intention-to-treat analysis showed that after the first 12 weeks and after 24 weeks, mean weight loss was not significantly different between the LPR and placebo groups when all the subjects were considered. However, a significant treatment×sex interaction was observed. The mean weight loss in women in the LPR group was significantly higher than that in women in the placebo group (P=0·02) after the first 12 weeks, whereas it was similar in men in the two groups (P=0·53). Women in the LPR group continued to lose body weight and fat mass during the weight-maintenance period, whereas opposite changes were observed in the placebo group. Changes in body weight and fat mass during the weight-maintenance period were similar in men in both the groups. LPR-induced weight loss in women was associated not only with significant reductions in fat mass and circulating leptin concentrations but also with the relative abundance of bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family in faeces. The present study shows that the Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 formulation helps obese women to achieve sustainable weight los

Panel performance in Temporal Dominance of Sensations studies

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Panel performance for Temporal Dominance of Sensations

This work has been developed through the collaboration of Nestle Research Centre, Centre Européen des Sciences du Goût, Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Analyse de l’Information (ENSAI) and the Department of Econometrics at the University of Geneva.Given the particular nature of TDS data, specific analyses were developed and published over the past years to characterize the evolution of the dominant sensations in a product, to compare products to each other and to map the entire product space. Statistical approaches were also proposed to assess panel discrimination ability and agreement between subjects. To continue further on this direction, a general framework is proposed to evaluate panel and subject performance in TDS context. A protocol for testing products to evaluate the performance is proposed (before the measurement phase). Seven indicators are then described and summarized in a single table to facilitate the interpretation of the results by the panel leader. Three of the indicators describe panel and subject behavior in terms of attribute selection. The four remaining indicators describe the discrimination ability and the agreement, both at panel and subject levels. These indicators are inspired from usual ANOVA calculations used for descriptive profiling, but tested according to a permutation approach to overcome issues due to the nature of TDS data (non-independency between recorded values)

Temporal dominance of sensations: what is a good attribute list?

International audienceTemporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) methodology recently gained more and more interest in the sensory field because of its unique approach enabling the description of the sequence of the dominant sensory perceptions along the tasting of a product. This method has been used for describing various products but it still faces some lack of knowledge on how to define a good list of attributes for this unusual sensory experiment. Indeed, TDS procedure is very different from standard sensory methodologies such as sensory profiling. Throughout the evaluation, panellists have to continuously make a choice among several attributes to determine the sequence of dominant sensations. Thus the definition of the attribute list is a key element since it determines the responses of the panellists. This paper investigates how panellists use the attribute list during TDS evaluation with a specific focus on the impact of the number, the type (texture, taste or aroma) and the position of attributes in the list on the panellist response and on the consensus among panellists regarding the use of this list. In order to get representative results, a database called "TDSbase" gathering TDS studies performed under different conditions was created in collaboration between CSGA (Dijon, France) and NRC (Lausanne, Switzerland). Results based on the 21 TDS studies from the TDSbase show that panellists tend to use a relatively constant number of attributes per evaluation, whatever the number of attributes in the list. Panellists are also able to use different types of attributes in the same list (no impact on the number of selections of each attribute or on the selection time). However, each panellist preferentially uses a subset of attributes that differs across panellists. In addition, if the list features more than 8-10 attributes, some panellists are not able to use them all. It is therefore recommended to use a list with a maximum of 10 attributes. Finally, the attribute order in the list does not impact the number of selection of each attribute, but the attributes at the top of the list tend to be selected earlier in the sequence than the attributes at the bottom of the list. It is therefore recommended to balance attribute order across panellists to account for this order effect

Colloidal dynamics of emulsion droplets in mouth

The interaction of emulsions with the tongue is key to the sensory appeal of food and can potentially be exploited for oral/buccal pharmaceutical delivery. Whilst there is good understanding of the different mucoadhesive forces governing emulsion interaction with the tongue, their relative importance is not well understood. In addition, the physical location of emulsions within the saliva papillae on the tongue is not understood at all. A combination of ex vivo salivary film, and in vivo oral coating experiments were used to determine the importance of different mucoadhesive forces. Mucoadhesion of cationic emulsions was largely driven by electrostatic complexation. SDS-PAGE of the in vivo saliva coating highlighted that mucins were largely responsible for cationic emulsion mucoadhesion. Anionic emulsions were bound via hydrophobic/steric interactions to small salivary proteins typically located away from the mucin anchor points. The physical location and clustering of emulsions relative to the salivary film/papillae was probed via the invention of a fluorescent oral microscope. Cationic emulsions were densely clustered close to the papillae whilst anionic emulsions were suspended in the salivary film above the papillae. Interestingly, non-ionic emulsions were also trapped within the salivary film above the papillae as individual droplets. These findings highlight that whilst electrostatic complexation with saliva is a powerful mucoadhesive force, hydrophobic and steric interactions also act to induce oral retention of emulsions. The differences in physical location and clustering of emulsions within the salivary film hint at the 3D locations of the different salivary proteins driving each mucoadhesive interaction. This novel understanding of emulsion saliva/papillae interactions has potential to aid efficacy of buccal pharmaceutical delivery and the reduction of astringency in plant-based foods

Inhaled anaesthesia compared with conventional sedation in post cardiac arrest patients undergoing temperature control : a systematic review and meta-analysis

Patients admitted with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) following out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) are often sedated to facilitate care. Volatile anaesthetics have been proposed as alternative sedatives because of their rapid offset. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the use of volatile anaesthetics to conventional sedation in this population. We searched four databases (MEDLINE,Embase, CENTRAL, and Scopus) from inception to January 6, 2022. We included randomized trials and observational studies evaluating patients admitted following ROSC. We pooled data and reported summary estimates using odds ratio (OR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) for continuous outcomes, both with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale and certainty of evidence using GRADE methodology. Of 1,973 citations, we included three observational studies (n=604 patients). Compared to conventional sedation, volatile agents had an uncertain effect on delirium (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.68-1.37), survival to discharge (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.17-2.61), and ICU length of stay (MD 1.59 days fewer, 95% CI 1.17-4.36, all very low certainty). Patients who received volatile anaesthetic underwent a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation (MD 37.32 hours shorter, 95% CI 7.74-66.90), however this was based on low-certainty evidence. No harms were described with use of volatile anesthetics. Volatile anaesthetics may be associated with a decreased duration of mechanical ventilation in patients admitted with ROSC however this is based on low-certainty evidence. Further data are needed to assess their role in this population. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.