Einstein-Cartan gravitational collapse of a homogeneous Weyssenhoff fluid

We consider the gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric homogeneous matter distribution consisting of a Weyssenhoff fluid in the presence of a negative cosmological constant. Our aim is to investigate the effects of torsion and spin averaged terms on the final outcome of the collapse. For a specific interior spacetime setup, namely the homogeneous and isotropic FLRW metric, we obtain two classes of solutions to the field equations where depending on the relation between spin source parameters, $(i)$ the collapse procedure culminates in a spacetime singularity or $(ii)$ it is replaced by a non-singular bounce. We show that, under certain conditions, for a specific subset of the former solutions, the formation of trapped surfaces is prevented and thus the resulted singularity could be naked. The curvature singularity that forms could be gravitationally strong in the sense of Tipler. Our numerical analysis for the latter solutions shows that the collapsing dynamical process experiences four phases, so that two of which occur at the pre-bounce and the other two at post-bounce regimes. We further observe that there can be found a minimum radius for the apparent horizon curve, such that the main outcome of which is that there exists an upper bound for the size of the collapsing body, below which no horizon forms throughout the whole scenario.Comment: 23 pages, 11 figure

Comparison of Men and Women's Viewpoints about Barriers and Strategies for Developing Organic Animal food Consumption in Kermanshah City

Background: Considering the important role of women along men in consuming a food product, the aim of the current study was studying women's and men's insight about barriers and solutions to increase the consumption of livestock-originated organic products in Kermanshah city. Methods: Using the Delphi method, 13 barriers and 15 solutions were extracted from answers given by animal husbandry specialists and were used for preparing the questionnaire. A total of 395 men and women in Kermanshah answered the questions and data were analyzed by Friedman’s test using SPSS 15 software. Results: The least frequently used sources of information for men and women were television and the most frequent was written media (books, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet). In both groups, the most important challenge facing the development of organic animal food consumption was the high cost of these products and the least important challenge was their inappropriate form. But men's and women's views on ways to develop organic products consumption were not the same. For men, the most and least important factors in using organic livestock products were the creation of confidence in the organicity of these products and their internal and external marketing, respectively. On the other hand, women believed that price adjustment was the most important strategy and brand and logo development was the least important in promoting the consumption of such products. Conclusion: From the consumers' point of view, considering the economic, infrastructural and cultural indices can eliminate the barriers of consumption of organic products. Keywords: Barriers, Solutions, Economic index, Infrastructural index, Cultural inde

Concept Analysis of Futile Care in the Oncology Nursing: A Hybrid Model

BACKGROUND: With the advances in medical technology and care of patients with cancer, the concept of futile care attracted more attention in the field of oncology. Futile care in the context of oncology nursing is an ambiguous and complex concept. Despite the importance of it in the professional care for patients with cancers, it was not defined clearly in the social and cultural contexts of Iran. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to clarify and identify the components and inner structures of futile care from the perspective of nurses dealing with patients with advanced cancer using a hybrid model. METHODS: In the present study, the concept of futile care was analyzed based on the hybrid model in three phases including theoretical, fieldwork, and final analytical phase. In the theoretical phase, the related studies were analyzed. In the fieldwork phase, 10 interviews were conducted with nurses in oncology departments. Finally, the concept attributes were determined through a general analysis of the results of theoretical and fieldwork phases. RESULTS: The definition of the concept of futile care in oncology is continuous clinical services without reaching to desired outcome with simultaneous unrelated responsibilities for nurses. These services were provided to patients that have poor prognosis and they do not result on improve of patient’s survival or quality of life. The most important consequences of futile care are job burnout for nurses, unnecessary suffering for patients, and heavy expenses for health system. CONCLUSION: Futile care in oncology nursing has severe outcomes on nurses. Based on the definition, new scales can be developed to assess the futile care among nurses in oncology settings

Brain Death and Organ Donation: Experiences of Families

Introduction: Brain dead patients are important sources of preparing organs for patients with organ deficiency. The aim of this research was to show the experiences of families with brain dead patients regarding organ donation. Method: This phenomenological qualitative research used deep, nonstructural interaction to collect data from families during 2010 in Kerman, Iran. Data was collected by interaction with 13 first degree relatives of 8 brain dead patients. The data was then analyzed by qualitative content analysis methods according to Colaizzi's method. Results: The results revealed 3 main themes of unknown, swmard, dependent and elevation. Each theme was divided into different subthemes. The subthemes of interaction included knowledge, anxiousness, questions, contact with person and families, and treating the patient. group of fear and doubt, remorse, Save probeb: un acceptibility, special belief, scrupulous thought. And in sub groop of evaluation is: actuality of acceptance, the human race, religious belief, growth in head situation.and sub groop of dependence wes: interest, expectation and general ties. Conclusion: According to different experiences of families, deciding in a short time needs a proper and complete support in crisis situation. In addition, appropriate and timely knowledge about the process of brain death and organ donation would help reduce problems faced by families. A better understanding of the situation and promoting humanity and religious beliefs among families would reduce wrong thoughts and confounding factors and thus ease the donation process. Keywords: Keywords: brain death, organ donation, family experience, qualitative study, phenomenology

The prevalence of potential drug interactions in Intensive Care Units

Aims: Drug interaction occurs when a drug affects the action of another. In this line, the present study has been conducted to determine the prevalence of potential drug interactions in critical care units. Methods: In the present retrospective study, the first twenty-four hour prescriptions of 371 patients admitted to intensive care unit of Shahid Bahonar hospital of Kerman were investigated in terms of the number and type of drug interaction in addition to other factors such as number of drugs, age, gender, length of ICU stay and number of prescribing doctors. In order to determine the number and type of drug interactions, a reference textbook of "Drug Interaction Facts" was used, and data analysis was performed by SPSS18 statistical software with respect to the study objectives using descriptive statistics, Pierson correlation test, independent t-test, and variance analysis. Results: In terms of the drugs received, 77 different drugs and, in total, 2091 cases of drug prescription were found with the average of 5.6 (±1.5) for each patient. Overall, 726 cases of drug interactions were observed among critical care unit patients in the first 24 hour of prescription. Delayed, moderate, and possible interactions were accounted for the most interactions found. The results are indicative of a significant correlation between the number of drug interactions and prescribed medications, age, gender, duration of hospitalizations and number of prescribing doctors. Conclusion: Due to possessing more risk factors of drug interactions, critical care unit patients are at higher risk of developing drug interaction which behooves the medical team to pay more attention to this issue

Information technology application in medicine and nursing

The computers are the greatest human invention of the twentieth century. Their abilities to store، share and transmission of multimedia data are used in the business، entertainment، health and medicine. Telemedicine technology is one of the abilities that can cause medical information exchange will be at long distances. Telemedicine is using telecommunications and information technology to provide modern clinical services and remote data transfer to take care of patients. Objectives: This study was done aimed to review the remote treatment and care. This study was done using literature related to nursing and telemedicine in Latin and Farsi databases included Proquest، Science direct، Ovid، SID، IranMedex. Telemedicine and telenursing are included transfer of medical and nursing data، such as sound، images، and animated pictures. It is used in areas like management of chronic diseases، prevention of diseases، public health، routine consultation، education of patients and disaster controls. According to the function of this technology and easiness of performance it is expected that its application in medical science to spread quickly. Therefore it is necessary to develop health services in our country and take more attention. This article wants to introduce the fundamentals of telemedicine and telenursing. Obviously knowing the details of their applications need more review and study. Keywords: Telenursing, Telemedicine, Care, Treatmen

Iran supports a great share of biodiversity and floristic endemism for Fritillaria spp. (Liliaceae): A review.

Iran supports a great share of exotic and/or endemic plant genera and species. The genus Fritillaria (Liliaceae) is a precious part of this botanical richness with 19 species, of which 10 are endemic to the country. However, signs are mounting that the country is truly at a crossroads when it comes to preservation of this national wealth. In this regard, an effective conservation strategy should thoroughly consider the classification of Fritillaria, as conservation practices are compromised by knowledge gaps in systematics and taxonomy. As published studies on Fritillaria in Iran have been sporadic and limited in scope, the aim of this review is to provide information necessary to help bridge these information gaps. Our objective is to facilitate increased understanding of the geographic, taxonomic, cytogenetic and phylogenetic status of Iranian Fritillaria, which is vital to meeting the goal of sustainable conservation of the genus in Iran and neighboring areas

The Effect of Bubble making on the Procedural Pain of Injection in Thalasemic School- aged Children in Kerman Thalasemia Center

Introduction: Medical procedures are common sources of pain for children. Children with chronic illnesses experience an even greater number of painful procedures as part of their condition diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Several methods are reported for reducing the pain. Clinicians commonly used distraction methods for decreasing pain. However there is no consensus among them about what distraction method is better for reducing injection pain. Objective: This study carried out to assess the Effect of Bubble making on The Procedural Pain of Injection in Thalassemic School- aged Children in Kerman Thalasemia Center Method: The present study is a clinical trial. The research sample consists of 40 thalassemic children with 6-12 years old, who have registered in Kerman thalasemia center. The participants were randomly divided into two groups (control and experimental). In the experimental group, bubble making was performed. The data gathering instruments were included: demographic information questionnaire, the investigation scale of pain behavioral signs, numeric pain scale. The analysis of the data was carried out through descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The data indicated that there was a significant difference between the average scores of pain in the two groups after injection (P<0.05) Conclusion: Based on the result of this study, the distraction (Bubble Making) can reduce the pain of injection procedures in children. Keywords: Pain, Bubble making, Distraction, School- aged Children, Thalasemi