Major Climate Change Adaptation and Coping Strategies in Borana, Southern Ethiopia: A Review

Climate change is one of the global problems in todays world. This problem is in agrivating level that caused by both natural and antropogenic drivers.This problem has efffects on environmental,social,economic and political sustainability.  However, often human being have been tried to create adptation and coping mechanism so that minimize negative effects of climate change and to take advantage of it. This paper is aimed to identify and disscuss major climate change adaptation and coping strategies in  Borana pastoral area. Borena pastoral people are one of those people that majorly known by livestok raring. As most of pastoralist these people faced the challenges of the climatic change particularly through prolonged drought. But, they have being trying to tackle these problems through different adaptation and coping measures. Moreover,these adaptation and coping measures are classifeid into four broad section in this papper to address the entended objective. These are livestock, range, income-diversification and water-related measures.But these adaptation and coping measurs face different challenges such as, infrustructural limmitation, limitation related to service and facilitiy,reptability of climatic change event, and lack of well documentation on these measures that script on the book .Therefore, all stackholders should works to play their part  to  sustain   such  invaluable strategies. Keywords: Climate Change, Adaptation, Coping measure, Livestock,Borena Pastoralist DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/69-01 Publication date:October 31st 202

EFFECT OF VERMICOMPOST AND MINERAL FERTILIZER ON ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF GARLIC (Allium sativum L.), IN HARAMAYA, EASTERN ETHIOPIA

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an important vegetable crop in Ethiopia. The yield of the crop is often constrained bylow and unbalanced nutrient supply in the soil. This study assessed the response of garlic variety (Chelenko I) tovermicompost and mineral Nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on growth and bulb yield of the crop during the2016/2017 rainy season in Haramaya University main campus, Ethiopia. The treatment consist of a factorialcombination of four levels of vermicompost (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 tha-1) and five levels of mineral N fertilizer (0, 52.5,80, 105 and 130 kg N ha-1), were laid out in a randomized complete block design under a factorial arrangementand replicated three times. Results revealed early maturity (130.48 days) at no fertilizer application, while latematurity (135.50 days) was with application of 7.5tha-1 of vermicompost. Significant (P < 0.05) maximum cloveweight (2.71g/clove), and marketable bulb yield (12.32tha-1), were recorded at the rate of 7.5tha-1 ofvermicompost, followed by lower dose of mineral N fertilizer. Also, leaf number (13.33) was recorded atcombined application of maximum rate of vermicompost (7.5tha-1) and mineral N fertilizer (130kgha-1). Due tocombined application of vermicompost (7.5tha-1) and mineral N fertilizer (130kgha-1), unmarketable bulb yieldwas reduced by 41.03% over the control. The highest net benefit was estimated due to the maximum marketablebulb yield of garlic obtained along with application of 7.5tha-1 of vermicompost and 130kgha-1 of mineral Nfertilizer. Therefore, these rates could be considered in the production of garlic in the study area

A Study of Prevalence and Financial Loss of Cysticercus Tenicollis in Visceral Organ of Sheep Slaughtered at Jimma Municipal Abattoir,Southwest Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2015 to March 2016  on a total of 384 sheep slaughtered at Jimma municipal abattoir to determine the prevalence and estimate direct financial loss due to Cysticercus tenuicollis. Ante-mortem examinations and post-mortem organ inspections were performed following standard procedures. A total of 205 animals were found positive for Cysticercus tenuicollis with an overall prevalence of 53.4% (95% CI = 48.0-58.0) with a significant difference (p=0.000) between age groups which was higher in adult animals than in younger age groups. The relative cyst distribution in visceral organs was higher in omentum (38.0%) followed by liver (25.5%) with an estimated financial loss of 21528 ETB from liver condemnation. This study revealed that the occurrence of high prevalence of Cysticercus tenuicollis in sheep slaughtered at Jimma abattoir with a significant financial loss which deserve proper disposal of affected organs and implementation of parasite control programs in the area. Keywords: Prevalence, Cysticercus tenuicollis, Sheep, Jimma, Ethiopia. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/89-03 Publication date:May 31st 202

Management of childhood illnesses at seven health stations in Arsi Zone

Summary: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out involving seven health stations in Arsi Zone, to assess the management of childhood illnesses. The out-patient records of 636 children below five years of age, who visited the health stations during November 1996, were reviewed. Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) and Diarrheal Diseases were identified as the leading causes of morbidity, accounting for 512 (74.4) of a total of 688 diagnoses made on children during the study period. Among the 636 children studied, only 53(8.3%) were diagnosed to have two diseases each. There was not any diagnosis of nutritional disorder (Protein-energy malnutrition, or Micro-nutrient deficiency). Among children diagnosed with diarrhea only, 195 (97.0%) were prescribed with ORS and, among those diagnosed with ARI only, more than 95% were prescribed with antibiotics. Nutritional disorders are under-diagnosed and/or negelected at this level of health institutions. It is recommended that the new approach towards the integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) has to be based on a large scale study which assesses the present local situation so as to identify areas which deserve more attention. Until such time that the IMCI is put into practice, the integrated maternal and child health (MCH) training programs should give more attention to ARI and diarrhoeal diseases. A routine screening (high index of suspicion) is also required to diagnose more than one illness in a child, and also to detect nutritional disorders. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1998;12(2):81-86

Analysis of Sesame Marketing Chain in Case of Gimbi Districts, Ethiopia

This study was aimed at marketing chain of sesames in Gimbi Woredas of Oromia Region with specific objectives of identifying marketing channels and factors affecting outlet choice decisions of farm households. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data for this study were collected from 127 farmers, 17 traders and 22 consumers through application of appropriate statistical procedures. The study result showed that sesame producers are faced with lack of improved seed variety and high diseases and pests. On marketing side, limited access to market, low price of product, lack of storage, lack of transport and low quality of product are the major problems. The multinomial logit model results indicated that the probability to choose the collector outlet was significantly affected by Land, Market price of sesame, Membership to any Cooperatives, Credit Access, and Owning Transport Facility compared to wholesale outlet. Similarly, the probability of choosing cooperatives marketing outlet was affected by land and Quantity of sesame produced compared to wholesale outlet. Therefore, policy aiming at increasing farmers’ access to modern inputs, developing and improving infrastructure, gender consideration, cooperative development and improving extension system are recommended to accelerate the chain’s development. Keywords: Gimbi, Marketing Channel, Outlet, Sesam

Self-healing of fiber reinforced polymer compoistes [sic]

The study of self-healing materials is inspired by biological systems in which damage triggers an autonomous healing response. In recent years, this concept of autonomic healing material, where initiation of repair is integral to the material, is being considered for engineering applications. The concept offers the designer an ability to incorporate secondary functional ability of counteracting service degradation in addition to achieving the primary, usually structural integrity, requirement. Self-healing materials also have the benefit of offering lighter and optimized structures as well as reduced maintenance cost. Previous works on polymer matrix composites have shown that significant fractions of mechanical properties can be restored through self-healing in damaged materials. The self-healing composite material developed in this study is a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite. The study has three major categories of self-healing composite systems. In the initial study, a single fiber polymer matrix self-healing composite system is developed and analyzed. In the latter stage of the study, multiple commercial glass fibers are used as a reinforcing material in the self-healing system. The inclusion of functionalized carbon nanotubes in the healing medium to further enhance the healing process is considered at the final stage of the study. The self-healing approach utilizes a releasable healing agent contained in a hollow fiber that is embedded in a resin system. Specimens are produced using a hollow glass fiber and epoxy resin. In addition, in the case of multiple fibers test, e-glass fibers are incorporated in the composite. When a crack is initiated and propagates through the composite breaking the hollow fiber, a liquid healing agent comes out and fills the crack gap. Polymerization of the monomer healing agent is facilitated when it contacts a catalyst that is pre-coated on the outside surface of the hollow glass fiber. Healed, damaged and virgin specimens are tested in tension for all the different sets of composites investigated. The results demonstrate that a considerable portion of the tensile strength is recovered by the self-healing functionality of both the single fiber and fiber-reinforced polymer composites. A major advantage of this research is the fact that the healing is found to be localized allowing further multiple healing of the composite in the presence of several cracks. Incorporation of functionalized carbon nanotubes in the healing medium has provided additional efficiency in the composites compared to those without carbon nanotubes

Frequency Analysis of Extreme Events and Developing Intensity Duration Frequency Curves: The Case of Jimma Town, Ethiopia

Frequency analysis of rainfall data enables to determine the future extreme events and developing IDF curves. The object of this study was to analysis the frequency of extreme events in precipitation, and develop Intensity, duration and frequency (IDF) curves. In this study 30 years daily rainfall data (1986-2015) from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) was used. To develop IDF curves graphical and statistical methods were used. The result obtained indicates, the General Extreme Value (GEV) was the best fitted distribution function to the maximum annual daily observed data, at 95% of confidence interval. As the result of the computed sub daily rainfall data, the highest rainfall value for the duration of 24 hrs. and 100-year return period was 83.86 mm, whereas the lowest rainfall value was obtained for the duration of 10min and 2 year of return period was 13.34 mm. The correlation coefficient between the IDF curves developed from observed data and the Computed IDF curves was (R2=0.99). Keywords: - extreme events, frequency analysis, IDF curves, rainfall duration DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/12-21-02 Publication date: November 30th 202

Distributed Software Router Management

With the stunning success of the Internet, information and communication technologies diffused increasingly attracting more uses to join the the Internet arsenal which in turn accelerates the traffic growth. This growth rate does not seem to slow down in near future. Networking devices support these traffic growth by offering an ever increasing transmission and switching speed, mostly due to the technological advancement of microelectronics granted by Moore’s Law. However, the comparable growth rate of the Internet and electronic devices suggest that capacity of systems will become a crucial factor in the years ahead. Besides the growth rate challenge that electronic devices face with respect to traffic growth, networking devices have always been characterized by the development of proprietary architectures. This means that incompatible equipment and architectures, especially in terms of configuration and management procedures. The major drawback of such industrial practice, however, is that the devices lack flexibility and programmability which is one of the source of ossification for today’s Internet. Thus scaling or modifying networking devices, particularly routers, for a desired function requires a flexible and programmable devices. Software routers (SRs) based on personal computers (PCs) are among these devices that satisfy the flexibility and programmability criteria. Furthermore, the availability of large number of open-source software for networking applications both for data as well as control plane and the low cost PCs driven by PC-market economy scale make software routers appealing alternative to expensive proprietary networking devices. That is, while software routers have the advantage of being flexible, programmable and low cost, proprietary networking equipments are usually expensive, difficult to extend, program, or otherwise experiment with because they rely on specialized and closed hardware and software. Despite their advantages, however, software routers are not without limitation. The objections to software routers include limited performance, scalability problems and lack of advanced functionality. These limitations arose from the fact that a single server limited by PCI bus width and CPU is given a responsibility to process large amount of packets. Offloading some packet processing tasks performed by the CPU to other processors, such as GPUs of the same PC or external CPUs, is a viable approach to overcome some of these limitations. In line with this, a distributed Multi-Stage Software Router (MSSR) architecture has been proposed in order to overcome both the performance and scalability issues of single PC based software routers. The architecture has three stages: i) a front-end layer-2 load balancers (LBs), open-software or open-hardware based, that act as interfaces to the external networks and distribute IP packets to ii) back-end personal computers (BEPCs), also named back-end routers in this thesis, that provide IP routing functionality, and iii) an interconnection network, based on Ethernet switches, that connects the two stages. Performance scaling of the architecture is achieved by increasing the redundancy of the routing functionality stage where multiple servers are given a coordinated task of routing packets. The scalability problem related to number of interfaces per PC is also tackled in MSSR by bundling two or more PCs’ interfaces through a switch at the front-end stage. The overall architecture is controlled and managed by a control entity named Virtual Control Processor (virtualCP), which runs on a selected back-end router, through a DIST protocol. This entity is also responsible to hide the internal details of the multistage software router architecture such that the whole architecture appear to external network devices as a single device. However, building a flexible and scalable high-performance MSSR architecture requires large number of independently, but coordinately, running internal components. As the number of internal devices increase so does the architecture control and management complexity. In addition, redundant components to scale performance means power wastage at low loads. These challenges have to be addressed in making the multistage software router a functional and competent network device. Consequently, the contribution of this thesis is to develop an MSSR centralized management system that deals with these challenges. The management system has two broadly classified sub-systems: I) power management: a module responsible to address the energy inefficiency in multistage software router architecture II) unified information management: a module responsible to create a unified management information base such that the distributed multistage router architecture appears as a single device to external network from management information perspective. The distributed multistage router power management module tries to minimize the energy consumption of the architecture by resizing the architecture to the traffic demand. During low load periods only few components, especially that of routing functionality stage, are required to readily give a service. Thus it is wise to device a mechanism that puts idle components to low power mode to save energy during low load periods. In this thesis an optimal and two heuristic algorithms, namely on-line and off-line, are proposed to adapt the architecture to an input load demand. We demonstrate that the optimal algorithm, besides having scalability issue, is an off-line approach that introduce service disruption and delay during the architecture reconfiguration period. In solving these issues, heuristic solutions are proposed and their performance is measured against the optimal solution. Results show that the algorithms fairly approximate the optimal solution and use of these algorithms save up to 57.44% of the total architecture energy consumption during low load periods. The on-line algorithms are superior among the heuristic solutions as it has the advantage of being less disruptive and has minimal service delay. Furthermore, the thesis shows that the proposed algorithms will be more efficient if the architecture is designed keeping in mind energy as one of the design parameter. In achieving this goal three different approaches to design an MSSR architecture are proposed and their energy saving efficient is evaluated both with respect to the optimal solution and other similar cluster design approaches. The multistage software router is unique from a single device as it is composed of independently running components. This means that the MSSR management information is distributed in the architecture since individual components register their own management information. It is said, however, that the MSSR internal devices work cooperatively to appear as a single network device to the external network. The MSSR architecture, as a single device, therefore requires its own management information base which is built from the management information bases dispersed among internal components. This thesis proposes a mechanism to collect and organize this distributed management information and create a single management information base representing the whole architecture. Accordingly existing SNMP management communication model has been modified to fit to distributed multi-stage router architecture and a possible management architecture is proposed. In compiling the management information, different schemes has been adopted to deal with different SNMP management information variables. Scalability analysis shows that proposed management system scales well and does not pose a threat to the overall architecture scalability

Does a Nanowire Transistor Follow the Golden Ratio? A 2D Poisson-Schrödinger/3D Monte Carlo Simulation Study

In this work, we observed the signatures of isotropic charge distributions showing the same attributes as the golden ratio (Phi) described in art and architecture, we also present a simulation study of ultra-scaled n-type silicon nanowire transistors (NWT) for the 5nm CMOS application. Our results reveal that the amount of mobile charge in the channel is determined by the device geometry and could also be related to the golden ratio (Phi). We also established a link between the main device characteristics, such as a drive and leakage current, and cross-sectional shape and dimensions of the device. We discussed the correlation between the main Figure of Merit (FoM) and the device variability and reliability