Authority Executive in the 2011 Constitution Comparative Legal Study in Light of the Constitutions 1962-1996

The issue of the Constitution in the contemporary history of Morocco as ideas and a system of laws, reflecting the political transformations that Morocco has known since independence, it is mainly related to linking the production of the Constitution to the development of concepts and institutions and their relationship to democratic construction and the establishment of a modern state in the time of independence, as well as constitutional amendments reflect the transformations known in Moroccan society, At the political or social level, the shift towards building a democratic society, the emergence of civil society and human rights organizations in the national political arena, in addition to demanding political and constitutional reforms. The research project reflects the development of the executive power in successive Moroccan constitutions, up to the 2011 constitution, with a legal comparison between the powers and competencies of the head of state with the powers and competencies of the prime minister (Head of Government), and highlighting the transformations experienced in this area in the constitutions (1962-1970-1972-1992-1996), the accumulations that led to the distribution contained in the 2011 Constitution, and the problems of practice during the previous government mandate. Considering that the existing constitutional problem in Morocco was raised primarily at the level of the Constitution of the Organization of Authorities, and in particular the dominant role that the Royal Institution has continued to play towards other institutions, it seems that the new Constitutional Document did not provide what could establish a new type of relationship between the Institution. The monarchy and other institutions, therefore, continued to perpetuate the centrality of the monarchy and its dominance over political life. Whether as the "Commander of the Faithful" or "Head of State", the King retained wide and effective competencies and powers that would allow him to remain the center of the political system and the main determinant of his orientations and decisions, and even added new powers. In addition to the availability of (reserved field) makes it a monopoly of the right of initiative in five strategic areas: religious, military, external, judicial and security, the presence of (partner) in some other competencies, does not prevent him from having The last word, as reflected in the continued subordination of the government to him, and continued interference in the work of Parliament. Moreover, giving him the power to amend the constitution through direct recourse to parliament, along with other possibilities shared with the prime minister and the parliament, makes him control and even monopolize the sub-constituent authority. His presidency of a number of constitutional institutions would further entrench his role as a “hub for institutional and political life” and would contradict the result (the imbalances of the political and institutional paths in the past, which necessitated a redefinition of the roles and functions of the royal institution to serve it. Ballot boxes, not a substitute for them, to ensure balance and separation of powers, and avoid assigning roles incompatible with each other to the same institution). Although the constitution has strengthened the powers of the government and reconsidered the nature of its installation and composition, especially when its president has been immune from the possibility of direct dismissal, it generally remains hostage to the royal will. It is clear that the provisions of Article 47 make the King retain great authority over the members of the government, both in terms of appointment and exemption, and his presidency of the Council of Ministers, which is still a necessary crossing for a number of issues makes him in control of the government's choices and directions, and initiatives Its president, and thus becomes, the actual head of the executive, the primary determinant of the general policy of the state. The study of the 2011 Constitution, especially the executive, is of great importance for several considerations, as it is considered an authority directly related to public policies, as it reflects the local community to which it belongs and represents it in many aspects. Therefore, the study of the executive authority and the perception of the characteristics and mechanisms that control relations between its elements, An important aspect that this research seeks to highlight. The importance of this subject lies in reading the constitutional revisions and the impact of national and international changes in their visibility, with a focus on the context of the Arab Spring, which resulted in the new constitutional review. It also seeks to reveal the relationship between the Royal Institution and the Prime Minister's Institution and the gradual transfer of government competencies in order to find the balances required for the continuation of the performance of its roles as required, and read the past government experience as a constituent mandate, being the first government under the new constitution

Thermal-Mechanical Coupled Manufacturing Simulation in Heterogeneous Materials

This work is aimed to investigate on thermal and thermo-mechanical behaviour of 6061 Aluminium alloy. The main target of the present investigation is to apply a numerical procedure to assess the thermo-mechanical damage. Finite element analyses of the notched tensile specimens at high temperature have been carried out using ABAQUS Software. The objective was to study the combined effects of thermal and mechanical loads on the strength and ductility of the material. The performance of the proposed model is in general good and it is believed that the presented results and experimental–numerical calibration procedure can be used in practical finite-element simulation

Reliability Analysis in Performance-based Earthquake Engineering

AbstractThe performance-based engineering approach, as opposed to prescriptive rules of code-based design, is based on simulation of real structural behavior. Reliability of the expected performance state is assessed by using various methodologies based on finite element nonlinear static pushover analysis and specialized reliability software package.Reliability approaches that were considered included full coupling with an external finite element code based methods in conjunction with either first order reliability method or importance sampling method. The building considered in the actual study has been designed against seismic hazard according to the Moroccan code RPS2000

L'estimation de pose 6DOF pour les objets industriels complexes dans le cadre de bin picking

Dans le domaine d’assemblage industriel, ce travail vise à apporter de la vision artificielle avancée à l’assemblage de la pièce à l’étude qui est considérée de nature complexe. Dans le cadre d’un problème de Bin Picking, où plusieurs pièces sont déposées de façon aléatoire dans un contenant, ce travail consiste à trouver une solution au bras robotisé pour détecter et estimer la 6DoF. En l’occurrence, une tentative d'essai avec PoseCNN a déjà été testée auparavant, mais cet algorithme n'a réussi à détecter aucune instance dans une scène réelle. Pour mener à bien ce projet, le présent travail vise à étudier plus en détails les raisons de ce problème et à proposer une solution de détection et d’estimation de pose 6DoF qui convient le mieux à la pièce à l’étude étant un objet industriel complexe. Évidemment, l’estimation de pose 6DoF dépend grandement de la détection d’objets. Les approches d’estimation de la 6DoF de l’état de l’art sont fortement basées sur les images RGB qui impliquent une détection 2D, ce qui néglige certains détails géométriques de l'objet. D’autre côté, certaines d'entre elles sont complétement dépendantes des nuages de points, ce qui impose une détection négligeant la couleur et les caractéristiques 2D de l’image RGB. Donc, l'idée est d'avoir une combinaison qui tire parti de la détection 2D et 3D pour extraire le plus de caractéristiques déterminantes possibles. Dans ce contexte, PVN3D fusionne les caractéristiques 2D et 3D et ajoute un réseau de neurones profond de vote 3D pour déterminer les keypoints 3D à la manière de VoteNet lancé par Facebook. De ce fait, la contribution de ce travail est d’intégrer la base de données T-LESS d’objets industriels à PVN3D. Comme résultat final, en exécutant PVN3D, l’objet T-LESS est bien reconnu et ses 8 keypoints ainsi que son centre sont à l’emplacement exacte. Pour conclure, cette perception avancée du bras robotisé permettra aux entreprises d’accélérer leurs assemblages de pièces et de multiplier ainsi leur productivité

Estudio y análisis de la tecnología "cold ironing" en el puerto de Palma de Mallorca

El transporte marítimo supone un gran impacto ambiental debido a sus emisiones, estas emisiones de efecto invernadero contribuyen al cambio climático y al calentamiento global. Debido a los diferentes estudios en marcha que arrojan datos abrumadores sobre las emisiones de los buques que afectan a los núcleos urbanos cercanos a los puertos la Unión Europea ha decidido tomar medidas para reducir las emisiones de estos buques. Desde la Unión Europea se están incentivando y subvencionando a los estados y navieras para que implementen medidas y energías menos contaminantes, uno de estos sistemas es el famoso “cold ironing”. el puerto de Palma de Mallorca es conocido por las escalas de diferentes cruceros, así como el puerto que comunica Mallorca con la península ibérica. La estancia en puerto de estos buques es muy contaminante ya que en puerto utilizan motores auxiliares y esto genera contaminación acústica y ambiental. Los motores auxiliares se mantienen encendidos para proporcionar electricidad al barco, estos motores consumen combustible además de ser ruidosos. En el puerto recalan mayoritariamente cruceros, RO-RO y ocasionalmente graneleros, cargueros y cisternas, además, el puerto limita con la ciudad, por lo que la contaminación es más visible y afecta a los vecinos de la zona. el método de cold ironing o OPS (onshore power supply) utiliza electricidad en tierra para suministrarla al buque, pudiendo apagar los motores auxiliares y así reducir las emisiones. En muchos puertos europeos esta tecnología se está empezando a implementar más, gracias a proyectos comunes de la unión europea.Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::14 - Vida SubmarinaObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i InfraestructuraObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clim

Are Islamic Equity Indices More Efficient Than Their Conventional Counterparts? Evidence From Major Global Index Families

Despite the increasing attention to ethical investments, the empirical studies on Islamic indices are scarce. Our article aims to contribute to the empirical literature by exploring the efficiency of these indices and their potential for diversification in comparison with the conventional benchmarks. We explore the existence of diversification opportunities by studying whether indices are cointegrated or not. Then, the weak-form efficiency level is analyzed by testing the random walk hypothesis using variance ratio tests. Our sample includes Islamic and mainstream indices of four indices families; among them, two Shariah-compliant indices which have not been studied before in the academic literature Our results show that Islamic indices have the same level of (in)efficiency as conventional ones, the indices of MSCI and FTSE families are the less inefficient. In terms of cointegration analysis, Islamic indices of Dow Jones and S&P have no cointegrating relations with their respective benchmarks, which suggests the existence of long-run diversification opportunities

Response of Escherichia coli containing mycobacterial carotene genes to UV radiation

The plasmid pC5, which encodes biogenesis of lycopene in Mycobacterium aurum A(+), was partially digested by restriction endonucleases and generated fragments were cloned. After transformation of Escherichia coli (colorless bacteria) with the plasmids so constructed, seven orange clones were detected and found to carry the same recombinant plasmid (pC51). E. coli cells containing this plasmid synthesize neurosporene and lycopene, and were more resistant to ultraviolet irradiation than nonpigmented strain