Influence of Polyphenol Levels on the Perception of Aroma in Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec wine

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of two ranges of polyphenols naturally present in Malbec wine,high concentrations (4.5-7.2 g/L) and low (1.4-3.2 g/L), on the perception of aroma. Samples with a maximumethanol level of 13.5% were taken from the fermentation tanks before the clarification and filtration process. AQuantitative Descriptive Analysis of wines was assessed by ten trained assessors, and HS-SPME-GC-MS andphysicochemical analyses were performed. The intensities of fruity (P < 0.01), citrus (P < 0.01), strawberry (P< 0.05), cooked fruit (P < 0.01) and floral (P < 0.01) aromas decreased when the level of polyphenols increased.Neither volatile compounds nor physicochemical analyses were significant in the two groups of wines

Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Aloysia citriodora Palau

Aloysia citriodora Palau, cedron or lemon verbena, is a South American aromatic species widespread in North America, Eurasia, and Africa. It is appreciated because it therapeutic and food (condiment, flavoring) uses. Also is valued as ornamental, insect repellent, and sometimes in perfumery. Its popular culinary and medicinal uses have been expanded from Latin America to the rest of the Western world. Its main active constituents are essential oils, to which owes its aroma and flavor similar to lemon, but also contain flavonoids, verbascosides, iridoids heterosides, and others. It most disseminated uses in folk medicine include those to treat gastrointestinal disorders (digestive, antispasmodic, carminative, antidiarrheal), mild sedative, cardiotonic, febrifuge, analgesic, and antiseptic. Various experimental studies validate different effects, as eupeptic, spasmolytic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hypotensive, among others. Its sedative/anxiolytic activity requires deeper further studies. Of particular interest are its cancer-related effects analyzed to date (antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, and antiangiogenic), and its antioxidant activity linked in various ways to our health.Fil: Hurrell, Julio Alberto. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Laboratorio de Etnobotánica y Botánica Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentin