Cosmic reionization by primordial cosmic rays

After the so-called cosmic recombination, the expanding universe entered into a period of darkness since most of the matter was in a neutral state. About a billion years later, however, the intergalactic space was once again ionized. The process, known as the cosmic reionization, required the operation of mechanisms that are not well understood. Among other ionizing sources, Population III stars, mini-quasars, and X-ray emitting microquasars have been invoked. In this article we propose that primordial cosmic rays, accelerated at the termination points of the jets of the first microquasars, may have contributed to the reionization of the intergalactic space as well. For this we quantify the ionization power of cosmic rays (electrons and protons) in the primordial intergalactic medium using extensive particle cascade simulations. We establish that, depending on the fraction of electrons to protons accelerated in the microquasar jets, cosmic rays should have contributed to the reionization of the primordial intergalactic medium as much as X-rays from microquasar accretion disks. If the primordial magnetic field was of the order of $10^{-17}$ G, as some models suggest, cosmic rays had an important role in ionizing the neutral material far beyond the birth places of the first stars.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication as a letter to the editor in Astronomy and Astrophysic

A mechanism for fast radio bursts

Fast radio bursts are mysterious transient sources likely located at cosmological distances. The derived brightness temperatures exceed by many orders of magnitude the self-absorption limit of incoherent synchrotron radiation, implying the operation of a coherent emission process. We propose a radiation mechanism for fast radio bursts where the emission arises from collisionless Bremsstrahlung in strong plasma turbulence excited by relativistic electron beams. We discuss possible astrophysical scenarios in which this process might operate. The emitting region is a turbulent plasma hit by a relativistic jet, where Langmuir plasma waves produce a concentration of intense electrostatic soliton-like regions (cavitons). The resulting radiation is coherent and, under some physical conditions, can be polarised and have a power-law distribution in energy. We obtain radio luminosities in agreement with the inferred values for fast radio bursts. The timescale of the radio flare in some cases can be extremely fast, of the order of $10^{-3}$ s. The mechanism we present here can explain the main features of fast radio bursts and is plausible in different astrophysical sources, such as gamma-ray bursts and some Active Galactic Nuclei.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Can T Tauri stars produce high-energy radiation?

T Tauri stars are low mass, pre-main sequencestars. These objects are surrounded by an accretion disk and present strongmagnetic activity. T Tauri stars are copious X-rays emitters. The X-rays arelikely generated by powerful magnetic reconnection events.Strong shocks  can be produced by  massive reconnection in the stellar magnetosphere. These shocks or the reconnection of the field might accelerate particles up to relativistic energies, as observed in the Sun.We present a model for the high-energy radiation produced in themagnetosphere of T Tauri stars. We discuss whether this emission isdetectable with the existing gamma-ray telescopes.Fil: del Valle, Maria Victoria. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Gustavo Esteban. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaXIII Latin Aerican Regional IAU MeetingMoreliaMéxicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxic

X-ray study of bow shocks in runaway stars

Massive runaway stars produce bow shocks through the interaction of their winds with the interstellar medium, with the prospect for particle acceleration by the shocks. These objects are consequently candidates for non-thermal emission. Our aim is to investigate the X-ray emission from these sources. We observed with XMM-Newton a sample of five bow shock runaways, which constitutes a significant improvement of the sample of bow shock runaways studied in X-rays so far. A careful analysis of the data did not reveal any X-ray emission related to the bow shocks. However, X-ray emission from the stars is detected, in agreement with the expected thermal emission from stellar winds. On the basis of background measurements we derive conservative upper limits between 0.3 and 10 keV on the bow shocks emission. Using a simple radiation model, these limits together with radio upper limits allow us to constrain some of the main physical quantities involved in the non-thermal emission processes, such as the magnetic field strength and the amount of incident infrared photons. The reasons likely responsible for the non-detection of non-thermal radiation are discussed. Finally, using energy budget arguments, we investigate the detectability of inverse Compton X-rays in a more extended sample of catalogued runaway star bow shocks. From our analysis we conclude that a clear identification of non-thermal X-rays from massive runaway bow shocks requires one order of magnitude (or higher) sensitivity improvement with respect to present observatories.Fil: del Valle, Maria Victoria. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Gustavo Esteban. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Peri, Cintia Soledad. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Benaglia, Paula. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: De Becker, M.. Université de Liège; Bélgic

On the nature of the episodic gamma-ray flare observed in Cygnus X-1

The high-mass microquasar Cygnus X-1, the best established candidate for a stellar-mass black hole, has been detected in a flaring state at very high energies, E > 200 GeV (Albert et al. 2007). The observation was per- formed by the Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope MAGIC. It is the first experimental evidence of very high energy emission produced by a galactic stellar-mass black hole. The observed high energy excess occurred in coin- cidence with an X-ray flare. The flare took place at orbital phase = 0.91, being = 1 the moment when the black hole is behind the companion star. In this configuration the absorption of gamma-ray photons produced by photon-photon annihilation with the stellar field is expected to be the highest. We present detailed calculations of the gamma-ray opacity due to pair creation along the whole orbit, and for different locations of the emitter (height above the compact object). We discuss the location of the gamma- ray producing region in Cygnus X-1 and the energetics required to produce the flare.Fil: del Valle, Maria Victoria. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Gustavo Esteban. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas; ArgentinaFil: Orellana, Mariana Dominga. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia; Argentina. Universidad de Valparaíso; Chil

Runaway stars as cosmic ray injectors inside molecular clouds

Giant molecular clouds (GMCs) are a new population of gamma-ray sources, being the target of cosmic rays (CRs) -- locally accelerated or not --. These clouds host very young stellar clusters where massive star formation takes place. Eventually, some of the stars are ejected from the clusters, becoming runaway stars. These stars move supersonically through the cloud and develop bowshocks where particles can be accelerated up to relativistic energies. As a result, the bowshocks present non-thermal emission, and inject relativistic protons in the cloud. These protons diffuse in the GMC interacting with the matter. We present a model for the non-thermal radiation generated by protons and secondary pairs accelerated in the bowshocks of massive runaways stars within young GMCs. We solve the transport equation for primary protons and secondary pairs as the stars move through the cloud. We present non-thermal emissivity maps in radio and in gamma rays as a function of time. We obtain X-ray luminosities of the order $\sim$ ${ 10^{32}}$ erg~s$^{-1}$ and gamma-ray luminosities $\sim$ $10^{34}$ erg~s$^{-1}$. We conclude that, under some assumptions, relativistic protons from massive runaway stars interacting with matter in GMCs give rise to extended non-thermal sources.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Non-thermal radiation from a runaway early-type star

HD 195592 is an O-type supergiant star, known as a well-established runaway. Recently, a Fermi γ-ray source (2FGL J2030.7+4417) with a position compatible with that of HD 195592 has been reported. Our goal is to explore a scenario where HD 195592 is the counterpart of the Fermi γ-ray source. The high-energy emission would be inverse Compton radiation produced in the bowshock of the runaway star. We calculate relativistic particle energy losses and the resulting radiation from the bowshock of HD 195592 and show that the latter is compatible with the detected γ-ray emission. We conclude that the Fermi source 2FGL J2030.7+4417 might be produced, under some energetic assumptions, by inverse Compton up-scattering of infrared photons from locally heated dust. HD 195592 might therefore be the very first object detected belonging to the category of γ-ray emitting runaway massive stars, whose existence has been recently predicted.Fil: del Valle, Maria Victoria. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Gustavo Esteban. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: De Becker, M.. Université de Liège; BélgicaHigh Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy: 5th International Meeting on High Energy Gamma-Ray AstronomyHeidelbergAlemaniaMax-Planck-Institut für Kernphysi

Exploring Cosmic Rays Ionization Power

The latest generations of telescopes have revealed a rich sky at high and very high energies. The most abundant identified sources are active galactic nuclei, usually blazars. It has been established that the Extra-galactic Background Light (optical to infrared wavelengths) attenuates high-energy photons through pair production. The development of pair-photon cascades along the line of sight modiies the originally emitted spectrum and have a measurable impact onto the source extent and arriving time of the photons. These effects should be included in our interpretation of the observations in order to progress in the understanding of the physical origin of the emission. We follow the three-dimensional trajectories of such cascades through numerical simulations. We report here the status of our investigations regarding the gamma-ray propagation through a ∼ 100 Mpc scale. Thisindirect study of the background photon ields and the extra-galactic magnetic ield (EGMF) is an exciting aspect of what some authors already call gamma-ray cosmology.Fil: Tueros, Matias Jorge. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: del Valle, Maria Victoria. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Gustavo Esteban. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía; ArgentinaSecond Argentinian-Brazilian Meeting Gravitation, Astrophysics, and CosmologyBuenos AiresArgentinaInstituto de Astronomía y Física del EspacioInstituto Argentino de Radioastronomí