Visiting Dark Murals: An Ethnographic Approach to the Sustainability of Heritage

[EN] Political, war-themed and controversial murals aim to show the history of a community, making the intangible tangible, and, because these events are still recent, they stir people's emotions. Visitors to this type of heritage have a mixture of artistic and dark interests that lead to what we call 'dark mural attractions'. These political murals need a public strategy to be preserved, become better known and attract local economic development funds to make them sustainable. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyse how communities could build a co-narrative around murals to generate a sustainable local development. To achieve this goal, an in depth study needs to be performed to establish what kind of narrative will enable political murals to attract dark visitors and examine how communities can build a sustainable co-narrative around a dark mural. As a case study, we analyse the Battle of Cable Street mural in London, located in the non-touristic borough of Tower Hamlets, by means of an ethnographic qualitative approach based on stakeholders' opinions, among other sources. In this case, results show that dark murals have the potential to attract visitors, but they require a public strategy for the sustainability of heritage, based on a narrative of community solidarity for educational and discovery purposes.This research was funded by the Valencian Regional Government, Spain, during the visiting research period of De Miguel at the University of Roehampton, under the enlightened supervision of Jonathan Skinner. Grant number: BEST/2019/175.De-Miguel-Molina, M. (2020). Visiting Dark Murals: An Ethnographic Approach to the Sustainability of Heritage. Sustainability. 12(2):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020677S116122Hooper, G., & Lennon, J. J. (Eds.). (2016). Dark Tourism. doi:10.4324/9781315575865Yan, L., Xu, J. (Bill), Sun, Z., & Xu, Y. (2019). Street art as alternative attractions: A case of the East Side Gallery. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 76-85. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2018.11.001Culture for Sustainable Development. UNESCOhttps://en.unesco.org/themes/culture-sustainable-developmentSantamarina-Campos, V., Carabal-Montagud, M. Á., Miguel-Molina, M. D., & Miguel-Molina, B. D. (Eds.). (2017). Conservation, Tourism, and Identity of Contemporary Community Art. doi:10.1201/9781315209586Neill, W. J. V. (2001). Marketing the Urban Experience: Reflections on the Place of Fear in the Promotional Strategies of Belfast, Detroit and Berlin. Urban Studies, 38(5-6), 815-828. doi:10.1080/00420980125183Walls and Places: Political Murals in Belfasthttp://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/ps/dartnell/wallandplaces.htmlCampos, R., & Sequeira, Á. (2019). Urban Art touristification: The case of Lisbon. Tourist Studies, 20(2), 182-202. doi:10.1177/1468797619873108De Miguel Molina, M., de Miguel Molina, B., & Santamarina Campos, V. (2019). Visiting African American murals: a content analysis of Los Angeles, California. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 18(2), 201-217. doi:10.1080/14766825.2019.1597877Merrill, S. (2014). Keeping it real? Subcultural graffiti, street art, heritage and authenticity. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 21(4), 369-389. doi:10.1080/13527258.2014.934902McAuliffe, C., & Iveson, K. (2011). Art and Crime (and Other Things Besides … ): Conceptualising Graffiti in the City. Geography Compass, 5(3), 128-143. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00414.xBarnes, T. J., & Hayter, R. (1992). ‘The Little Town That Did’: Flexible Accumulation and Community Response in Chemainus, British Columbia. Regional Studies, 26(7), 647-663. doi:10.1080/00343409212331347281Grondeau, A., & Pondaven, F. (2018). Le street art, outil de valorisation territoriale et touristique : l’exemple de la Galeria de Arte Urbana de Lisbonne. EchoGéo, (44). doi:10.4000/echogeo.15324Improving Places: Culture & Business Improvement District Partnershipshttps://www.artscouncil.org.uk/publication/improving-places-culture-business-improvement-district-partnershipsSaunders, A. (2013). Recovering the street: relocalising urban geography. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 37(4), 536-546. doi:10.1080/03098265.2013.801069Figini, P., & Vici, L. (2012). Off-season tourists and the cultural offer of a mass-tourism destination: The case of Rimini. Tourism Management, 33(4), 825-839. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.005Arts audiences: Insighthttps://www.artscouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/download-file/arts_audience_insight_2011.pdfLight, D. (2017). Progress in dark tourism and thanatourism research: An uneasy relationship with heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 61, 275-301. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.01.011Cohen, E. H. (2011). Educational dark tourism at an in populo site. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), 193-209. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2010.08.003Seaton, A. V. (1996). Guided by the dark: From thanatopsistothanatourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 234-244. doi:10.1080/13527259608722178Foley, M., & Lennon, J. J. (1996). JFK and dark tourism: A fascination with assassination. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 198-211. doi:10.1080/13527259608722175Raine, R. (2013). A dark tourist spectrum. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3), 242-256. doi:10.1108/ijcthr-05-2012-0037Blom, T. (2000). Morbid tourism - a postmodern market niche with an example from Althorp. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, 54(1), 29-36. doi:10.1080/002919500423564de-Miguel-Molina, M., & Barrera-Gabaldón, J. L. (2019). Controversial heritage: the Valley of the Fallen. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 13(1), 128-143. doi:10.1108/ijcthr-01-2019-0006Koster, R. L. P. (2008). Mural-based tourism as a strategy for rural community economic development. Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research Volume 2, 153-292. doi:10.1016/s1871-3173(08)02004-1Isaac, R. K., Çakmak, E., & Butler, R. (Eds.). (2019). Tourism and Hospitality in Conflict-Ridden Destinations. doi:10.4324/9780429463235Arandelovic, B., & Bogunovich, D. (2014). City profile: Berlin. Cities, 37, 1-26. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2013.10.007Heidenry, R. (2014). The Murals of El Salvador: Reconstruction, Historical Memory and Whitewashing. Public Art Dialogue, 4(1), 122-145. doi:10.1080/21502552.2014.878486Skinner, J., & Jolliffe, L. (Eds.). (2017). Murals and Tourism. doi:10.4324/9781315547978Koensler, A., & Papa, C. (2011). Political tourism in the Israeli-Palestinian space (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate). Anthropology Today, 27(2), 13-17. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8322.2011.00796.xMcAtackney, L. (2011). Peace maintenance and political messages: The significance of walls during and after the Northern Irish ‘Troubles’. Journal of Social Archaeology, 11(1), 77-98. doi:10.1177/1469605310392321Crooke, E. (2010). The politics of community heritage: motivations, authority and control. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 16(1-2), 16-29. doi:10.1080/13527250903441705Morris, P., & Arford, T. (2018). «Sweat a little water, sweat a little blood»: A spectacle of convict labor at an American amusement park. Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal, 15(3), 423-446. doi:10.1177/1741659018780201Narvselius, E. (2018). Demonized, domesticated, virtualized: fortification buildings as a case of Prussian heritage in present-day Kaliningrad. Nationalities Papers, 46(3), 400-421. doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1374938Murtagh, B., Boland, P., & Shirlow, P. (2017). Contested heritages and cultural tourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(6), 506-520. doi:10.1080/13527258.2017.1287118Ong, C.-E., Minca, C., & Felder, M. (2014). The historic hotel as ‘quasi-freedom machine’: negotiating utopian visions and dark histories at Amsterdam’s Lloyd Hotel and ‘Cultural Embassy’. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(2), 167-183. doi:10.1080/1743873x.2014.985223Shaw, W. M. K. (2017). In Situ: The Contraindications of World Heritage. International Journal of Islamic Architecture, 6(2), 339-365. doi:10.1386/ijia.6.2.339_1Frew, E. A. (2012). Interpretation of a sensitive heritage site: the Port Arthur Memorial Garden, Tasmania. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 18(1), 33-48. doi:10.1080/13527258.2011.603908Upton, A., Schänzel, H., & Lück, M. (2017). Reflections of battlefield tourist experiences associated with Vietnam War sites: an analysis of travel blogs. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 13(3), 197-210. doi:10.1080/1743873x.2017.1282491Podoshen, J. S. (2016). Trajectories in Holocaust tourism. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 12(4), 347-364. doi:10.1080/1743873x.2016.1197228Yankholmes, A., & McKercher, B. (2015). Rethinking slavery heritage tourism. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(3), 233-247. doi:10.1080/1743873x.2014.988159Eriksson, P., & Kovalainen, A. (2008). Qualitative Methods in Business Research. doi:10.4135/9780857028044An antidote to the far right’s poison’—The battle for Cable Street’s muralhttps://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/sep/21/battle-cable-street-mural-fascists-east-endStanding Up to Hatred on Cable Streethttps://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/standing-democracy/standing-hatred-cable-streetMccarthy, J. (2006). Regeneration of Cultural Quarters: Public Art for Place Image or Place Identity? Journal of Urban Design, 11(2), 243-262. doi:10.1080/13574800600644118Yirik, S., Seyitoğlu, F., & Çakar, K. (2016). From the white darkness to dark tourism: the case of Sarikamish. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(3), 245-260. doi:10.1108/ijcthr-06-2015-0064The Battle of Cable Street. APT Filmshttps://vimeo.com/5817684Duffy, A. (2016). Trusting me, trusting you: Evaluating three forms of trust on an information-rich consumer review website. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 16(3), 212-220. doi:10.1002/cb.1628Museum in Cable St about women and suffragettes turns out to be ‘Jack the Ripper’. The Docklands & East London Advertiserhttps://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/heritage/museum-in-cable-st-about-women-and-suffragettes-turns-out-to-be-jack-the-ripper-1-4172863Miguel Molina, M., & Skinner, J. (2019). Walls of Expression and Dark Murals Tourism. Anthropology News, 60(6). doi:10.1111/an.1310Strange, C., & Kempa, M. (2003). Shades of dark tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(2), 386-405. doi:10.1016/s0160-7383(02)00102-0Young, A. (2010). Negotiated consent or zero tolerance? Responding to graffiti and street art in Melbourne. City, 14(1-2), 99-114. doi:10.1080/1360481090352521

Analysing innovation in museums through qualitative comparative analysis

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Knowledge Management Research & Practice, on 22/04/2019, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14778238.2019.1601505[EN] The aim of this paper is to analyse innovation in the processes undertaken by museums in the conservation and restoration of artworks. Information from 90 conservation and restoration departments from museums in 43 countries was analysed using qualitative comparative analysis. Two theoretical concepts - knowledge bases (analytical, synthetic, symbolic) and modes of innovations (Science, Technology and Innovation; Doing, Using, and Interacting) - were used to define necessary and sufficient conditions which explain innovation in artwork restoration. Two important results were obtained from the analysis. The first indicated that innovation was explained by the combination of symbolic and analytical knowledge bases (unrelated variety), and high innovation performance was also explained by the related variety in the analytical knowledge base. The second result revealed that innovation is higher when museums cooperate simultaneously with partners using the two modes of innovation.This work was supported by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia [Research Project n. 2677-UPV, and SP20120346].De-Miguel-Molina, B.; Boix Domenech, R.; De-Miguel-Molina, M. (2019). Analysing innovation in museums through qualitative comparative analysis. Knowledge Management Research & Practice. 17(2):213-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/14778238.2019.1601505213226172Apanasovich, N. (2014). Modes of Innovation: A Grounded Meta-Analysis. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 7(3), 720-737. doi:10.1007/s13132-014-0237-0Apanasovich, N., Alcalde Heras, H., & Parrilli, M. D. (2016). The impact of business innovation modes on SME innovation performance in post-Soviet transition economies: The case of Belarus. Technovation, 57-58, 30-40. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2016.05.001Asheim, B. (2007). DIFFERENTIATED KNOWLEDGE BASES AND VARIETIES OF REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 20(3), 223-241. doi:10.1080/13511610701722846Asheim, B., & Hansen, H. K. (2009). Knowledge Bases, Talents, and Contexts: On the Usefulness of the Creative Class Approach in Sweden. Economic Geography, 85(4), 425-442. doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01051.xAsheim, B. T., Boschma, R., & Cooke, P. (2011). Constructing Regional Advantage: Platform Policies Based on Related Variety and Differentiated Knowledge Bases. Regional Studies, 45(7), 893-904. doi:10.1080/00343404.2010.543126Asheim, B. T., & Coenen, L. (2005). Knowledge bases and regional innovation systems: Comparing Nordic clusters. Research Policy, 34(8), 1173-1190. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.03.013Aslesen, H. W., & Pettersen, I. B. (2017). Entrepreneurial firms in STI and DUI mode clusters: do they need differentiated cluster facilitation? European Planning Studies, 25(6), 904-922. doi:10.1080/09654313.2017.1300238Boschma, R. (2018). A Concise History of the Knowledge Base Literature: Challenging Questions for Future Research. New Avenues for Regional Innovation Systems - Theoretical Advances, Empirical Cases and Policy Lessons, 23-40. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71661-9_2Castro‐Martínez, E., Recasens, A., & Jiménez‐Sáez, F. (2013). Innovation systems in motion: an early music case. Management Decision, 51(6), 1276-1292. doi:10.1108/md-11-2011-0433Fitjar, R. D., & Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2013). Firm collaboration and modes of innovation in Norway. Research Policy, 42(1), 128-138. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.05.009González-Pernía, J. L., Parrilli, M. D., & Peña-Legazkue, I. (2014). STI–DUI learning modes, firm–university collaboration and innovation. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 40(3), 475-492. doi:10.1007/s10961-014-9352-0Grillitsch, M., Martin, R., & Srholec, M. (2016). Knowledge Base Combinations and Innovation Performance in Swedish Regions. Economic Geography, 93(5), 458-479. doi:10.1080/00130095.2016.1154442Grillitsch, M., & Trippl, M. (2013). Combining Knowledge from Different Sources, Channels and Geographical Scales. European Planning Studies, 22(11), 2305-2325. doi:10.1080/09654313.2013.835793Hauge, E. S., Kyllingstad, N., Maehle, N., & Schulze-Krogh, A. C. (2017). Developing cross-industry innovation capability: regional drivers and indicators within firms. European Planning Studies, 25(3), 388-405. doi:10.1080/09654313.2016.1276158Herstad, S. J., Aslesen, H. W., & Ebersberger, B. (2014). On industrial knowledge bases, commercial opportunities and global innovation network linkages. Research Policy, 43(3), 495-504. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.003Hervas-Oliver, J.-L., Sempere-Ripoll, F., Boronat-Moll, C., & Rojas, R. (2014). Technological innovation without R&D: unfolding the extra gains of management innovations on technological performance. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 27(1), 19-38. doi:10.1080/09537325.2014.944147Hervas-Oliver, J.-L., Sempere-Ripoll, F., Boronat-Moll, C., & Rojas-Alvarado, R. (2017). On the joint effect of technological and management innovations on performance: increasing or diminishing returns? Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 30(5), 569-581. doi:10.1080/09537325.2017.1343462Ingstrup, M. B., Jensen, S., & Christensen, P. R. (2017). Cluster evolution and the change of knowledge bases: the development of a design cluster. European Planning Studies, 25(2), 202-220. doi:10.1080/09654313.2016.1276885Isaksen, A., & Nilsson, M. (2013). Combined Innovation Policy: Linking Scientific and Practical Knowledge in Innovation Systems. European Planning Studies, 21(12), 1919-1936. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.722966Isaksen, A., & Trippl, M. (2017). Innovation in space: the mosaic of regional innovation patterns. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(1), 122-140. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grw035Jensen, M. B., Johnson, B., Lorenz, E., & Lundvall, B. Å. (2007). Forms of knowledge and modes of innovation. Research Policy, 36(5), 680-693. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.006Klein, R. R. (2011). Where music and knowledge meet: a comparison of temporary events in Los Angeles and Columbus, Ohio. Area, 43(3), 320-326. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4762.2011.00997.xKvětoň, V., & Kadlec, V. (2018). Evolution of knowledge bases in European regions: searching for spatial regularities and links with innovation performance. European Planning Studies, 26(7), 1366-1388. doi:10.1080/09654313.2018.1464128Laestadius, S. (2002). Biotechnology and the Potential for a Radical Shift of Technology in Forest Industry. Economics of Science, Technology and Innovation, 333-362. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0915-8_11Longo, M., Mariani, M. M., & Mura, M. (2009). The effect of intellectual capital attributes on organizational performance. The case of the Bologna Opera House. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 7(4), 365-376. doi:10.1057/kmrp.2009.28Manniche, J. (2012). Combinatorial Knowledge Dynamics: On the Usefulness of the Differentiated Knowledge Bases Model. European Planning Studies, 20(11), 1823-1841. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.723423Manniche, J., Moodysson, J., & Testa, S. (2016). Combinatorial Knowledge Bases: An Integrative and Dynamic Approach to Innovation Studies. Economic Geography, 93(5), 480-499. doi:10.1080/00130095.2016.1205948Martin, R. (2012). Measuring Knowledge Bases in Swedish Regions. European Planning Studies, 20(9), 1569-1582. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.708022Martin, R., & Moodysson, J. (2011). Comparing knowledge bases: on the geography and organization of knowledge sourcing in the regional innovation system of Scania, Sweden. European Urban and Regional Studies, 20(2), 170-187. doi:10.1177/0969776411427326McIver, D., Fitzsimmons, S., & Lengnick-Hall, C. (2018). Integrating knowledge in organizations: examining performance and integration difficulties. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 17(1), 14-23. doi:10.1080/14778238.2018.1538667Mohammadi, A., Broström, A., & Franzoni, C. (2017). Workforce Composition and Innovation: How Diversity in Employees’ Ethnic and Educational Backgrounds Facilitates Firm-Level Innovativeness. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 34(4), 406-426. doi:10.1111/jpim.12388Mol, M. J., & Birkinshaw, J. (2014). The Role of External Involvement in the Creation of Management Innovations. Organization Studies, 35(9), 1287-1312. doi:10.1177/0170840614539313Moodysson, J., Coenen, L., & Asheim, B. (2008). Explaining Spatial Patterns of Innovation: Analytical and Synthetic Modes of Knowledge Creation in the Medicon Valley Life-Science Cluster. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 40(5), 1040-1056. doi:10.1068/a39110Müller, K., Rammer, C., & Trüby, J. (2009). The role of creative industries in industrial innovation. Innovation, 11(2), 148-168. doi:10.5172/impp.11.2.148Nunes, S., & Lopes, R. (2015). Firm Performance, Innovation Modes and Territorial Embeddedness. European Planning Studies, 23(9), 1796-1826. doi:10.1080/09654313.2015.1021666(2015). Frascati Manual 2015. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities. doi:10.1787/9789264239012-enParrilli, M. D., & Alcalde Heras, H. (2016). STI and DUI innovation modes: Scientific-technological and context-specific nuances. Research Policy, 45(4), 747-756. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2016.01.001Pina, K., & Tether, B. S. (2016). Towards understanding variety in knowledge intensive business services by distinguishing their knowledge bases. Research Policy, 45(2), 401-413. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2015.10.005Plum, O., & Hassink, R. (2014). Knowledge bases, innovativeness and competitiveness in creative industries: the case of Hamburg’s video game developers. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 1(1), 248-268. doi:10.1080/21681376.2014.967803Protogerou, A., Kontolaimou, A., & Caloghirou, Y. (2016). Innovation in the European creative industries: a firm-level empirical approach. Industry and Innovation, 24(6), 587-612. doi:10.1080/13662716.2016.1263551Ragin, C. C. (2008). Redesigning Social Inquiry. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226702797.001.0001Teixeira, S. J., Veiga, P. M., & Fernandes, C. A. (2019). The knowledge transfer and cooperation between universities and enterprises. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 17(4), 449-460. doi:10.1080/14778238.2018.1561166Thomä, J. (2017). DUI mode learning and barriers to innovation—A case from Germany. Research Policy, 46(7), 1327-1339. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2017.06.004Tödtling, F., & Grillitsch, M. (2015). Does Combinatorial Knowledge Lead to a Better Innovation Performance of Firms? European Planning Studies, 23(9), 1741-1758. doi:10.1080/09654313.2015.1056773Van Tuijl, E., & Carvalho, L. (2014). Knowledge Sourcing, Knowledge Bases, and the Spatial Organisation of Car Design. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 46(8), 1966-1982. doi:10.1068/a4628

Walls of Expression and Dark Murals Tourism

[EN] The west wall of the former St. George¿s town hall in London¿s East End is a giant vivid artwork. A riot of color to depict a protest turned violent public disorder: Blackshirts waving Union Jacks; people chanting from the barricades; milk bottles, tools, and fascist pamphlets flying through the air. Residents lean out of tenement windows. A man throws a punch at a policeman. A woman tips the contents of a chamber pot onto the marchers below. Mounted police maneuver horses, swing truncheons overhead. But, curiously, this mural is not seen as a symbol of violence, but as a symbol of solidarity and anti-fascism. Men, women, and children from different religions; immigrants from different nationalities; and even new faces fighting together against a potential enemy.This project has received funding from the Valencian Regional Government, Spain, during the visiting research period of professor De Miguel Molina at the University of Roehampton. Reference: BEST/2019/175. We would like to thank Julian Cole and David Rosenberg for their assistance and knowledge of the mural and its neighborhood. Our acknowledgement also to Natalie Konopinski for her support and advice during the process to reach an excellent result.De-Miguel-Molina, M.; Skinner, J. (2019). Walls of Expression and Dark Murals Tourism. Anthropology News. 60(6):3-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/AN.1310S3660

Why and how hotel groups in luxury segments give back to their communities

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: de‐Miguel‐Molina, B, de‐Miguel‐Molina, M, Segarra‐Oña, M, Peiró‐Signes, A. Why and how hotel groups in luxury segments give back to their communities. Int J Tourism Res. 2018; 20: 100‐ 114. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2166, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2166. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] The paper analyses why and how hotel groups become involved in their communities through philanthropic activities. The analysis focuses on hotel groups with brands in the luxury, upper upscale, and upscale segments. The qualitative information disclosed in reports and websites by 243 hotel brands was studied to answer questions about who is involved, how they participate, and who they target. The study then focused on the 130 hotel groups owning these brands, and a qualitative comparative analysis was used to explain the combination of causal conditions explaining why hotel groups participate in their communities. The causal conditions in the analysis included the participation of different stakeholders, the characteristics of the hotel groups, and the culture of the countries. Results indicate that there is a trade¿off between customer and employee participation in philanthropy, that customer involvement requires the presence of luxury brands, and that the culture of the countries (religion and altruism) stimulates the philanthropic behaviour of hotel groups.De-Miguel-Molina, B.; De-Miguel-Molina, M.; Segarra-Oña, M.; Peiró Signes, A. (2018). Why and how hotel groups in luxury segments give back to their communities. International Journal of Tourism Research. 20(1):100-114. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.216610011420

User involvement before the development of an indoor RPAS for the creative industries

[EN] This paper presents user needs and preferences gathered prior to the development of an indoor remotely piloted air system. A literature review was carried out to analyse previous studies about the involvement of users in the design of indoor unmanned aerial vehicles. Subsequently, the results of these user needs obtained from three focus groups held in European countries (Belgium, Spain and United Kingdom) are presented here. Through a content analysis of the information obtained in the focus groups, 40 codes and 4 variables were defined and used to examine the differences between types of users and their previous experience with drones. The literature review gave support to the results obtained through users¿ involvement in the features to be included in a new unmanned aerial vehicle. Non-parametric tests and qualitative comparative analysis were used to analyse the information gathered in the focus groups. The results revealed few differences between artists working in creative industries and drone operators working for the creative industries. These differences affected features such as detecting and avoiding obstacles, which requires the inclusion of sensors. In addition, previous experience with drones was found to be a sufficient condition to explain greater concerns over safety, ethical and security issues in indoor environments.The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the European Commission (H2020, grant number 732433).De-Miguel-Molina, B.; De-Miguel-Molina, M.; Santamarina-Campos, V.; Segarra-Oña, M. (2021). User involvement before the development of an indoor RPAS for the creative industries. International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles. 13:1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/17568293219921401141

Development of an Indoor Drone Designed for the Needs of the Creative Industries

[EN] With this contribution, we want to show how the AiRT system could change the future way of working of a part of the creative industry and what new economic opportunities could arise for them. Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), also more commonly known as drones, are now essential tools used by many different companies for their creative outdoor work. However, using this very flexible applicable tool indoor is almost impossible, since safe navigation cannot be guaranteed by the operator due to the lack of a reliable and affordable indoor positioning system which ensures a stable flight, among other issues. Here we present our first results of a European project, which consists of developing an indoor drone for professional footage especially designed for the creative industries. One of the main achievements of this project is the successful implication of the end-users in the overall design process from the very beginning. To ensure safe flight in confined spaces, our drone incorporates a positioning system based on ultra-wide band technology, an RGB-D (depth) camera for 3D environment reconstruction and the possibility to fully pre-program automatic flights. Since we also want to offer this tool for inexperienced pilots, we have always focused on user-friendly handling of the whole system throughout the entire process.The AiRT project has been funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement nº 732433Santamarina Campos, V.; De-Miguel-Molina, M.; Kröner, SU.; De-Miguel-Molina, B. (2018). Development of an Indoor Drone Designed for the Needs of the Creative Industries. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 12(5):519-523. https://doi.org/10.1999/1307-6892/10009012S51952312

Regulation, Co-Regulation and Self-Regulation of Civil Unmanned Aircrafts in Europe

[EN] Safety and security concerns play a key role during the design of civil UAs (aircraft controlled by a pilot who is not onboard it) by the producers and the offer of different services by the operators. At present, European countries have fragmented regulations about the manufacture and use of civil drones, therefore the European institutions are trying to approach all these regulations into a common one. In this sense, not only law but also ethics can give guidelines to the industry in order to obtain better reports from their clients. With our results, we would like to give advice to the European industry, as well as give new insights to the academia and policymakersThe European Project AiRT has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 732433. Reference: H2020-ICT-2016-2017.De-Miguel-Molina, M.; Santamarina Campos, V.; Segarra-Oña, M.; De-Miguel-Molina, B. (2018). Regulation, Co-Regulation and Self-Regulation of Civil Unmanned Aircrafts in Europe. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 12(5):498-501. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/104547S49850112

Higher education mergers in Europe: a comparative study of the post-merger phase

[EN] The aim of this study is to compare the results of successful mergers in terms of ranking performance of the so called 'world-class' universities in a European Union context, with a view to identifying the challenges these universities face in their post-merger situation and strategies. After a content analysis, four themes emerged: crucial factors at the pre-merger phase to ensure a successful merger, the best actions to be performed at the merger phase to ensure a successful merger, the main challenges faced at the post-merger phase, and post-merger strategies in the last phase. Then, we analysed the institutional post-merger strategies to find differences between different mergers. Our research shows that in all cases there is a mix of various local and national/international factors that need to be analysed in the post-merger phase before a merger can be deemed to be 'successful' overall, and before the various dimensions of the global impact of the merger can be assessed.Ripoll-Soler, C.; De-Miguel-Molina, M. (2019). Higher education mergers in Europe: a comparative study of the post-merger phase. Tertiary Education and Management. 25(3):255-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11233-019-09027-yS255271253Aalto University (2011). Aalto’s Year 2010 in Review. Retrieved from https://www.aalto.fi/sites/g/files/flghsv161/files/2018-09/aalto_university_aalto_2010_in_review.pdf . Accessed 12 Jun 2018Abendstern, M. (2007). Project Unity. In B. Pullan (Ed.), A portrait of the University of Manchester (pp. 68–71). London: Third Millennium Publishing.Altbach, P. (2015). The costs and benefits of world-class universities. International Higher Education, 33, 5–8.Aspara, J., Aula, H. M., Tienari, J., & Tikkanen, H. (2014). Struggles in organisational attempts to adopt new branding logics: The case of a marketizing university. Consumption, Markets and Culture, 17(6), 522–552.Barnard, Z., & Van der Merwe, D. (2016). Innovative management for organizational sustainability in higher education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 17(2), 208–227.Bennetot, E., Estermann, T. & Mason, P. (2014). The DEFINE project: University mergers in Europe (Thematic report No. 2). Brussels: European University Association. Retrieved from http://www.eua.be/Libraries/define/2define-thematic-report-2-university-mergers-in-europe_final.pdf?sfvrsn=0 . Accessed 8 Jun 2018Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2012). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. New Jersey: Pearson Education.Bonde, D. (2013). Qualitative interviews: when enough is enough. Research by design. Retrived from http://www.raptureconsulting.com/uploads/2/4/3/8/24380515/how_many_qualitative_interviews.pdf . Accessed 8 Jun 2018CentralSupélec (2017). Nouvelle École, noveaux codes. Retrieved from http://www.centralesupelec.fr/sites/default/files/livret-strategique-centralesupelec.pdf . Accessed 25 Jun 2018Chipunza, C., & Gwarinda, S. A. (2010). Transformational leadership in merging higher education institutions: A case study. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(1), 195–205.David, F., Abreu, R., Segura, L., Formigoni, H. & Mantovani, F. (2015, March). Impact of the economic crisis on the higher education: the case of Portugal. In L. Gómez, A. López and I. Candel (eds.). INTED 2015 Proceedings of the 9 th International Technology, Education and Development Conference (pp. 6053–6066). Madrid (Spain): IATED Academy.Deschamps, E., & Lee, J. J. (2015). Internationalization as mergers and acquisitions senior international officers’ entrepreneurial strategies and activities in public universities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 19(2), 122–139.Docampo, D., Egret, D. & Cram, L. (2014). French COMUEs and the Shanghai Ranking (DEC Technical Report). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266557914_French_COMUEs_and_the_Shanghai_Ranking/download . Accessed 8 Jun 2018Docampo, D., Egret, D., & Cram, L. (2015). The effect of university mergers on the Shanghai ranking. Scientometrics, 104(1), 175–191.Evans, L. (2015). The worst of times? A tale of two higher education institutions in France: Their merger and its impact on staff working lives. Studies in Higher Education, 42(9), 1699–1717.French Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research (2014). Décret n° 2014-1674. Journal Officiel de la République Française. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2014/12/29/MENS1425099D/jo . Accessed 18 Jun 2018Frølich, N., Trondal, J., Caspersen, J., & Reymert, I. (2016). Managing mergers – Governancing institutional integration. Tertiary Education and Management, 22(3), 231–248.Fumasoli, T., Pinheiro, R., & Stensaker, B. (2015). Handling uncertainty of strategic ambitions—The use of organizational identity as a risk-reducing device. International Journal of Public Administration, 38(13–14), 1030–1040.Georghiou, L. (2015). Strategy to join the elite: Merger and the 2015 agenda at the University of Manchester – An update. In A. Curaj, L. Georghiou, J. C. Harper, & E. Egron-Polak (Eds.), Mergers and alliances in higher education (pp. 205–220). Springer.Gleibs, I. H., Täuber, S., Viki, G. T., & Giessner, S. R. (2013). When what we get is not what we want: The roles of implemented versus desired merger patterns in support for mergers. Social Psychology, 44(3), 177–190.Goedegebuure, L. (2012). Mergers and more: the changing tertiary education landscape in the 21st century (HEIK working paper series). Oslo: Faculty of Educational Sciences. University of Oslo.Govender, V., & Rampersad, R. (2016). Change management in the higher education landscape: A case of the transition process at a south African University. Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions, 6(1), 43–51.Guetterman, T. C. (2016). What distinguishes a novice from an expert mixed methods researcher? Quality & Quantity, 51(1), 377–398.Hall, M., Symes, A., & Luescher, T. (2004). The Governance of Merger in South African Higher Education. Research report prepared for the council on higher education. Pretoria: CHE.Harman, G., & Harman, K. (2003). Institutional mergers in higher education: Lessons from international experience. Tertiary Education and Management, 9(1), 29–44.Harman, G., & Harman, K. (2008). Strategic mergers of strong institutions to enhance competitive advantage. Higher Education Policy, 21(1), 99–121.Harman, K., & Meek, V. L. (2002). Introduction to special issue: Merger revisited: International perspectives on mergers in higher education. Higher Education, 44(1), 1–4.Hazelkorn, E. (2007). The impact of league tables and ranking systems on higher education decision making. Higher Education Management and Policy, 19(2), 87–110.Hazelkorn, E., Loukkola, T. & Zhang, Th. (2014). Rankings in Institutional Strategies and Processes: Impact or Illusion?. Brussels: European University Association. Retrieved from http://www.eua.be/Libraries/Publications_homepage_list/EUA_RISP_Publication.sfl b.ashx. Accessed 2 Jul 2018Henkel, M. (2005). Academic identity and autonomy in a changing policy environment. Higher Education, 49(1–2), 155–176.Hidalgo-Hidalgo, M., & Valera, G. (2016). University merging process: A guideline proposal for excellence-enhancing. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, 16(3), 1359–1386.Huisman, J. (2008). World-class universities. Higher Education Policy, 21(1), 1–4.Johnes, J. (2014). Efficiency and mergers in English higher education 1996/97 to 2008/9: Parametric and non-parametric estimation of the multi-input multi-output distance function. The Manchester School, 82(4), 465–487.Kyvik, S. (1995). Are big university departments better than small ones? Higher Education, 30(3), 295–304.Lawlor, J. (2013). Employee perspectives on the post-integration stage of a micro-merger. Personnel Review, 42(6), 704–723.Lee, M., & Park, H. W. (2012). Exploring the web visibility of world-class universities. Scientometrics, 90(1), 201–218.Mael, E. (2014). When one plus one remains one the challenges and triumphs of merging two university libraries. Library Resources & Technical Services, 58(4), 265–278.Mao, Y., Du, Y., & Lia, J. (2009). The effects of university mergers in China since 1990s. International Journal of Educational Management, 23(1), 19–33.Musselin, C., & Dif-Pradalier, M. (2014). Quand la fusion s’impose : la (re) naissance de l’Université de Strasbourg. Revue Française de Sociologie, 2(55), 285–318.Patterson, G. (2000). Findings on economies of scale in higher education: Implications for strategies of merger and alliance. Tertiary Education and Management, 6(4), 259–269.Portuguese Ministry of Science and Education (2013). Decreto-Lei n.° 266-E/2012. Diario da República. Retrieved from https://dre.pt/application/conteudo/632432 . Accessed 30 Jul 2018Puusa, A., & Kekäle, J. (2013). Commitment in the context of a merger. Tertiary Education and Management, 19(3), 205–218.Puusa, A., & Kekäle, J. (2015). Feelings over facts – A university merger brings organisational identity to the forefront. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 37(4), 432–446.Ripoll-Soler, C., & de-Miguel-Molina, M. (2013). Las fusiones universitarias: análisis de contenido de sus tipologías y los factores que pueden determinar su éxito o fracaso. Una revisión de la literatura. Revista de Educación, Extraordinario, 313–337.Ripoll-Soler, C., & de-Miguel-Molina, M. (2014). Are mergers a win-win strategic model? A content analysis of inter-institutional collaboration between higher education institutions. Tertiary Education and Management, 20(1), 44–56.Salmi, J., & Saroyan, A. (2007). League tables as policy instruments: Uses and misuses. Higher Education Management and Policy, 19(2), 31–68.Slade, C. P., Ribando, S. J., & Fortner, C. K. (2016). Faculty research following merger: A job stress and social identity theory perspective. Scientometrics, 107(1), 71–89.Universidade de Lisboa (2014). Relatório de gestao e de atividades 2013. Retrieved from https://www.ulisboa.pt/sites/ulisboa.pt/files/documents/files/2013.pdf . Accessed 18 Jun 2018Van Eck, N. J., & Waltman, L. (2016). Manual for VOSviewer version 1.6.5. CWTS. Leiden: Universiteit Leiden.Walsh, J. (2014). The problem of Trinity College Dublin’: A historical perspective on rationalisation in higher education in Ireland. Irish Educational Studies, 33(1), 5–19.Wangenge-Ouma, G. (2010). Universities and the mobilization of claims of excellence for competitive advantage. Higher Education, 59(6), 749–764.Ylijoki, O. H. (2014). University under structural reform: A micro-level perspective. Minerva, 52(1), 55–75

Exploring SMEs crowdfunding solutions that can generate trust

[EN] In accordance with the sustainable development goals, it is necessary to increase the access of SMEs to financial services. Crowdfunding has been imposed as an alternative to other traditional financial sources, being an "umbrella" covering the financing of projects and initiatives by various individuals (the crowd) through the Internet. Within the concept, four types are included: Donation, Reward-based, Lending and Equity. The concept of “trust” is a key element in online transactions, reducing the information asymmetries and uncertainty. The generation of trust in crowdfunding can be derived from different components that we will analyze: a) The platform used (and the company that supports it); b) The promoter; c) The quality of the information; d) The investor's disposition and familiarity with the instrument; and e) The network around the promoter and / or the project. In addition, female entrepreneurs generate more trust and would have the opportunity to attract professional local investors (lead investors), through better information on their initiative. That is why, through a content analysis, we will propose the best type and components combination, within the framework of a project based on the SMEs of Bogotá (Colombia).This work is carried out within the framework of the Adsideo Project, “Needs analysis for the design and implementation of a crowdfunding solution that supports informal companies and micro-SMEs in the downtown area of Bogotá (AD2009)”, coordinated by Professor Blanca de Miguel.Miguel Molina, MRD.; Miguel Molina, MBD.; Peiró Signes, Á.; Segarra Oña, MDV. (2022). Exploring SMEs crowdfunding solutions that can generate trust. En Proceedings 3rd International Conference. Business Meets Technology. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 119-124. https://doi.org/10.4995/BMT2021.2021.1328811912

Ethics and Civil Drones: European Policies and Proposals for the Industry

This open access book disseminates some of the results of the European H2020 AiRT Project (Technology transfer of RPAs for the creative industry). In particular, it presents findings related to mitigating safety and security concerns when civil drones are piloted by the service sector (mainly, the creative industry). European policies regarding drones generally focus on outdoor drones, but they are also used indoors. Moreover, a number of European countries have fragmented regulations on drone use, and as a result, European institutions are attempting address these issues. This work is based on a detailed study of the European policies, a comparative analysis of the regulation in various European countries, an analysis of the drone sector in Europe, and primary data from members of the creative industry. The authors created focus groups in Spain, the UK and Belgium in order to discuss with the creative industry the concerns on safety and security when using civil drones for their work. Based on these results, the book offers advice to the European industry, as well as new insights for academics and policymakers