Early emotional trauma in alcohol-dependent men: prevalence, associations and predictive value

Background Several studies have indicated that early emotional traumas (EET) are highly prevalent in alcohol-dependent individuals, and that these traumas work as risk factors for the development of this disorder. Objective The aim of the current study is to evaluate the EET associations and predictive value regarding active alcohol dependence among male individuals from a developing country. Methods The sample consisted of two groups. The first was composed by adult male individuals diagnosed as alcohol dependents (AG, N = 110), and the second with no alcohol abuse and/or dependence diagnosis (CG, N = 110). Both groups were evaluated using Structured Clinical Interview based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Early Emotional Trauma Inventory; and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results All trauma subtypes (general, physical, emotional and sexual) were more prevalent among AG than CG. However, only traumas categorized as general and emotional worked as risk factor for alcoholism development and they increased the chances to develop this disorder by 1.45 and 1.23 times, respectively. Discussion EETs are important factors that should be taken into account in interventions that aim to prevent, minimize and/or treat this clinical condition and its impact and/or severity, especially in countries such as Brazil

Associations between competitive anxiety, athlete characteristics and sport context: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: There is a vast literature investigating the possible associations between competitive anxiety, athlete variables and sports context. As far as we are concerned, there is no study which has compiled such findings to produce more robust evidence on this topic. Objectives: The aim of the study was to conduct an exploratory systematic review of the literature followed by a meta-analysis in order to investigate possible associations between competitive anxiety, socialdemographic characteristics, profile of the athlete and sports context. Methods: Systematic searches of PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Lilacs and SciELO electronic databases were performed to identify studies published between January 2006 and January 2018, including a manual search in the references of the selected studies. Results: A total of 59 studies were included for qualitative synthesis and 27 for meta-analysis. More robust associations were observed between competitive anxiety and female gender, lower age, and less experience time. Discussion: Knowing the variables which exert influence on competitive anxiety can be relevant to plan specific treatment and intervention programs, enabling the athlete´s development beyond technical and physical preparation

Self statements during public speaking scale (SSPS): cross-cultural adaptation for Brazilian Portuguese and internal consistency

CONTEXTO: O medo de falar em público é um dos medos mais prevalentes na população geral, sendo importante a avaliação dos aspectos cognitivos associados a ele. OBJETIVO: Realizar a adaptação transcultural para o português do Brasil do Self Statements during Public Speaking Scale (SSPS), um instrumento para auto-avaliação ante a situação de falar em público. MÉTODOS: O processo de tradução e adaptação envolveu quatro profissionais bilíngües, apreciação e aprovação da tradução reversa pelos autores da escala original, estudo piloto com 30 universitários brasileiros e apreciação por juízes que atestaram a validade de face da versão para o português, a qual se denominou Escala para Auto-avaliação ao Falar em Público. Como parte do estudo psicométrico da SSPS, realizaram-se a análise dos itens e a avaliação da consistência interna em uma amostra de 2.314 estudantes universitários. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se que os itens da subescala de auto-avaliação positiva foram os mais pontuados. A correlação dos itens com o escore total foi bastante adequada, variando entre 0,44 e 0,71, bem como a consistência interna que variou entre 0,78 e 0,90. CONCLUSÕES: A SSPS na versão para o português do Brasil mostrou-se adequada quanto às propriedades psicométricas estudadas. Consideram-se oportunos e necessários estudos que avaliem os demais indicadores de validade e fidedignidade da SSPS, com amostras clínicas e não-clínicas.BACKGROUND: The fear of public speaking is on of the most prevalent fears in the general population, and it is important to assess its underlying cognitive aspects. OBJECTIVE: To perform the cross-cultural adaptation for Brazilian Portuguese of the Self Statements during Public Speaking Scale (SSPS), a self-assessment instrument designed for the public speaking situation. METHODS: The process of translation and adaptation involved four bilingual professionals, the appreciation and approval of the back-translation by the authors of the original scale, a pilot study on 30 Brazilian undergraduate students, and appreciation by raters who attested to the face validity of the Portuguese version, which was called Escala para Auto-avaliação ao Falar em Público. As part of the psychometric study of the SSPS, the items of the scale were analyzed and its internal consistency was assessed in a sample of 2,314 undergraduate students. RESULTS: The items of the positive self-evaluation subscale received the highest scores. The correlation of the items with the total score was quite adequate, ranging from 0.44 to 0.71, and internal consistency was also good, ranging from 0.78 to 0.90. DISCUSSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the SSPS proved to be adequate regarding its psychometric properties. Studies evaluating the remaining indicators of validity and reliability of the SSPS on clinical and non-clinical samples would be opportune and necessary.(FAEPA) Hospital das Clínicas da FMRP-USP - Fundação de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assistênci

Exploratory factor analysis of Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) in a Brazilian musician sample

Background The Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI) is very significant among the available instruments which measures Musical Performance Anxiety (MPA). Objective The aim of this study is to find evidence of validity of the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Inventory (K-MPAI), in its translated and adapted Brazilian version, through the study of its factor structure. Methods A convenience sample of 230 amateur musicians completed the K-MPAI. Results The initial factor analysis yielded eight factors, explaining 62.4% of variance. However, due to the factors’ composition and internal consistency values lower than 0.50, the number of factors was later set at three, considering the internal consistency of those, the theoretical propositions and symptomatology aspects that supported the construction of scale. They were named “Worries and insecurity” (α = 0.82), “Depression and hopelessness” (α = 0.77) and “Early parental relationships” (α = 0.57). Discussion/Conclusions These results point to the scale’s construct validity, since they support the theoretical basis used for the development of the K-MPAI and the clinical manifestations of the MPA

Validação transcultural da versão para o português do Brasil do Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): estudo dos itens e da consistência interna

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to carry out the cross- cultural validation for Brazilian Portuguese of the Social Phobia Inventory, an instrument for the evaluation of fear, avoidance and physiological symptoms associated with social anxiety disorder. METHOD: The process of translation and adaptation involved four bilingual professionals, appreciation and approval of the back- translation by the authors of the original scale, a pilot study with 30 Brazilian university students, and appreciation by raters who confirmed the face validity of the Portuguese version, which was named " Inventário de Fobia Social" . As part of the psychometric study of the Social Phobia Inventory, analysis of the items and evaluation of the internal consistency of the instrument were performed in a study conducted on 2314 university students. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that item 11, related to the fear of public speaking, was the most frequently scored item. The correlation of the items with the total score was quite adequate, ranging from 0.44 to 0.71, as was the internal consistency, which ranged from 0.71 to 0.90. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Social Phobia Inventory proved to be adequate regarding the psychometric properties initially studied, with qualities quite close to those of the original study. Studies that will evaluate the remaining indicators of validity of the Social Phobia Inventory in clinical and non-clinical samples are considered to be opportune and necessary.OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a validação transcultural para o português do Brasil do Social Phobia Inventory, um instrumento para avaliação e mensuração dos sintomas de medo, evitação e sintomas fisiológicos associados ao transtorno de ansiedade social. MÉTODO: O processo de tradução e adaptação envolveu quatro profissionais bilingües, apreciação e aprovação da back- translation pelos autores da escala original, estudo piloto com 30 universitários brasileiros e apreciação por juízes que atestaram a validade de face da versão para o português, a qual foi denominada de Inventário de Fobia Social. Como parte do estudo psicométrico do Social Phobia Inventory, realizou- se a análise dos itens e a avaliação da consistência interna numa amostra de 2.314 estudantes universitários. RESULTADOS: Os resultados evidenciaram que o item mais pontuado foi o 11, relativo ao medo de falar em público. A correlação dos itens com o escore total foi bastante adequada, variando entre 0,44 e 0,71, bem como a consistência interna, que variou entre 0,71 e 0,90. DISCUSSÃO/CONCLUSÕES: Concluiu- se que o Social Phobia Inventory na versão para o português do Brasil mostrou- se adequado quanto às propriedades psicométricas inicialmente estudadas, com qualidade bastante próxima à do estudo original. Considera- se oportuno e necessário estudos que avaliem os demais indicadores de validade do Social Phobia Inventory, com amostras clínicas e não-clínicas

Long-term effects of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: a 5-year qualitative follow-up

Background Ayahuasca is a botanical hallucinogenic preparation traditionally used by indigenous populations of Northwestern Amazonian countries for ritual and therapeutic purposes. It is rich in β-carboline alkaloids and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Preclinical, observational, and experimental studies suggest that ayahuasca and its alkaloids have anxiolytic and antidepressive effects. We recently reported in an open-label trial that ayahuasca administration was associated with significant decreases in depression symptoms for 2-3 weeks after the experimental session in 17 patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Objectives To investigate if the experiment had any long-lasting effects on patients Methods Eight patients were interviewed 4 to 7 years after ayahuasca intake. Results Our results suggest that ayahuasca was well tolerated and that symptom reductions were limited to a few weeks. Importantly, most patients believed that the experience was among the most important of their lives, even 4-7 years later. Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first long-term follow-up of a clinical sample that participated in an ayahuasca trial. Further studies with different and repeated dosing should be designed to further explore the antidepressive and anxiolytic effects of ayahuasca

Escala para auto-avaliação ao falar em público (SSPS): adaptação transcultural e consistência interna da versão brasileira

BACKGROUND: The fear of public speaking is on of the most prevalent fears in the general population, and it is important to assess its underlying cognitive aspects. OBJECTIVE: To perform the cross-cultural adaptation for Brazilian Portuguese of the Self Statements during Public Speaking Scale (SSPS), a self-assessment instrument designed for the public speaking situation. METHODS: The process of translation and adaptation involved four bilingual professionals, the appreciation and approval of the back-translation by the authors of the original scale, a pilot study on 30 Brazilian undergraduate students, and appreciation by raters who attested to the face validity of the Portuguese version, which was called Escala para Auto-avaliação ao Falar em Público. As part of the psychometric study of the SSPS, the items of the scale were analyzed and its internal consistency was assessed in a sample of 2,314 undergraduate students. RESULTS: The items of the positive self-evaluation subscale received the highest scores. The correlation of the items with the total score was quite adequate, ranging from 0.44 to 0.71, and internal consistency was also good, ranging from 0.78 to 0.90. DISCUSSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the SSPS proved to be adequate regarding its psychometric properties. Studies evaluating the remaining indicators of validity and reliability of the SSPS on clinical and non-clinical samples would be opportune and necessary.CONTEXTO: O medo de falar em público é um dos medos mais prevalentes na população geral, sendo importante a avaliação dos aspectos cognitivos associados a ele. OBJETIVO: Realizar a adaptação transcultural para o português do Brasil do Self Statements during Public Speaking Scale (SSPS), um instrumento para auto-avaliação ante a situação de falar em público. MÉTODOS: O processo de tradução e adaptação envolveu quatro profissionais bilíngües, apreciação e aprovação da tradução reversa pelos autores da escala original, estudo piloto com 30 universitários brasileiros e apreciação por juízes que atestaram a validade de face da versão para o português, a qual se denominou Escala para Auto-avaliação ao Falar em Público. Como parte do estudo psicométrico da SSPS, realizaram-se a análise dos itens e a avaliação da consistência interna em uma amostra de 2.314 estudantes universitários. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se que os itens da subescala de auto-avaliação positiva foram os mais pontuados. A correlação dos itens com o escore total foi bastante adequada, variando entre 0,44 e 0,71, bem como a consistência interna que variou entre 0,78 e 0,90. CONCLUSÕES: A SSPS na versão para o português do Brasil mostrou-se adequada quanto às propriedades psicométricas estudadas. Consideram-se oportunos e necessários estudos que avaliem os demais indicadores de validade e fidedignidade da SSPS, com amostras clínicas e não-clínicas

Cognitive aspects of public speaking: validation of a self-assessment scale for Brazilian university students

CONTEXTO: O falar em público é o medo mais prevalente na população geral e no Transtorno de Ansiedade Social (TAS). Assim sendo, estudos que dimensionem essa situação específica são necessários. OBJETIVOS: Validar a Self Statements during Public Speaking (SSPS) em amostra da população geral de estudantes universitários (PG - n = 2.314), casos (C - n = 88) e não casos de TAS (NC - n = 90) do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Conduziu-se o estudo em duas fases: a) preenchimento dos questionários autoaplicados em sala de aula; b) participação em entrevista telefônica e ao vivo. RESULTADOS: Evidenciaram-se correlações baixas/moderadas entre SSPS e Inventário de Fobia Social (PG = 0,22-0,65; C = 0,28-0,32; NC = 0,21-0,30), Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck (PG = 0,18-0,53; C = 0,25-0,33; NC = 0,22-0,25) e Escala Breve de Fobia Social (C = não significativa, NC = 0,23-0,31) nas diferentes amostras, especialmente para a PG. A análise fatorial apontou a presença de dois fatores, associados à autoavaliação positiva e negativa. O estudo da validade discriminativa evidenciou a capacidade da SSPS de discriminar os casos dos não casos de TAS. CONCLUSÃO: A SSPS é adequada para uso no contexto brasileiro, sendo que a subescala autoavaliação positiva parece ser mais efetiva para a avaliação de amostras identificadas ou suspeitas de TAS e a subescala autoavaliação negativa ter uma característica mais rastreadora quando aplicada em amostras da população geral