La cita cinematográfica en la publicidad : Hitchcock, icono de marcas

L'objecte d'aquest treball és estudiar la confluència entre cinema i publicitat i, més concretament, l'ús de referències cinematogràfiques de Alfred Hitchcock dins de peces publicitàries. Partim d'una secció destinada a revisar els fonaments teòrics en què es sustenta el treball: transmedialitat, intertextualitat, interartialitat i repetició, així com la hibridació entre el cinema i la publicitat. En el capítol pràctic proposem anàlisis detallades de peces publicitàries on Hitchcock o el seu cinema apareixen referenciats. Així, demostrarem el poder icònic de Hitchcock en la cultura de masses i la seva repercussió publicitària.El objeto de este trabajo es estudiar la confluencia entre cine y publicidad y, en particular, el uso de referencias cinematográficas de Alfred Hitchcock dentro de piezas publicitarias. Para ello, partimos de una sección en la que se revisan los fundamentos teóricos en los que se apoya el trabajo: transmedialidad, intertextualidad, interartialidad y repetición, así como la hibridación entre el cine y la publicidad. En el capítulo práctico se proponen análisis detallados de piezas publicitarias en las que Hitchcock o su cine aparecen referenciados. Así, demostraremos el poder icónico de Hitchcock en la cultura de masas y su repercusión publicitaria.The present essay ventures into the field, little explored so far, where film and advertising converge, it deals more specifically with the use of filmic references from Alfred Hitchcok in advertising pieces. We begin with a review of the relevant theoretical foundations, including notions of transmediality, intertextuality, interartiality and repetition, as well as the hybridization between the disciplines of film and advertising studies. The applied chapter proceeds to propose several detailed analyses of advertising realizations that make recognizable reference to Hitchcock or his movies. We try to demonstrate Hitchcock's iconic power in mass media culture and its impact in advertising

Atención estomatológica dirigida a pacientes de nuevo ingreso en el Centro de Atención Integral al diabético

Introduction: diabetes affects the entire organism. Dentist can detect the disease due to certain oral manifestations, though they cannot be pathognomonic to diabetes, due to its location and characteristics an effective and differential diagnosis is required. Objective: to determine the main systemic and oral disorders in recently diagnosed diabetic patients to the preventive orientation and dentistry care. Material and method: a descriptive and cross-sectional research comprising 152 patients was carried out with patients hospitalized at the Comprehensive Center for the Care of Diabetic People, Pinar del Río during August 2013 to 2014. An assessment of the oral cavity was performed using a set of classification and natural light. Variables studied were: age, gender and length of the disease, type of diabetes, systemic complications and oral health problems. Results: the average age was 65 year old, with and incidence of 55.7%, female sex prevailed and 98% of patients suffered from type 2-diabetes. Systemic disorders included: hypertension, vasculitis, retinopathies and in the oral cavity: edentulous patients, periodontitis, chronic caries and gingivitis. Conclusions: endothelial dysfunction provoked by uncontrolled hyperglycemic status in undiagnosed patients causes the onset of the oral affections observed in this study. The dentist can contribute to the early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus making possible the insertion of diabetic patients into the comprehensive medical care system. The Center for the Care of Diabetic People is an adequate space to achieve a medical integration in promotion functions, prevention and management of the diabetic patients.Introducción: la diabetes afecta a todo el organismo. El estomatólogo puede detectar la enfermedad por ciertas manifestaciones bucales, aunque no sean patognomónicas de la diabetes. Por su localización y características requiere de un efectivo diagnóstico diferencial. Objetivo: determinar los principales problemas sistémicos y bucales en pacientes recién diagnosticados de diabetes para su orientación preventiva y de atención estomatológica. Material y método: se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal a 152 pacientes ingresados en el Centro de Atención Integral al diabético en Pinar del Río en el periodo del mes agosto de 2013 a agosto de 2014. Se efectuó un examen de la cavidad bucal utilizando el set de clasificación y la luz natural. Las variables estudiadas fueron la edad, el sexo y tiempo de la enfermedad, los tipos de diabetes, las complicaciones sistémicas y los problemas de salud bucal. Resultados: la edad promedio fue de 56 años, con una incidencia de 55.7% del sexo femenino y un 98% de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Las afecciones sistémicas fueron la hipertensión arterial, vasculitis, retinopatías, y en la cavidad bucal edentulismo, periodontitis, caries crónicas y gingivitis. Conclusiones: la disfunción endotelial generada por estados hiperglucémicos no controlados en el paciente sin diagnóstico de la enfermedad, provoca la aparición de las afecciones detectadas en el estudio. El estomatólogo puede contribuir al diagnóstico precoz de la diabetes mellitus facilitando la inserción de los enfermos en el sistema de atención médica integral. El Centro de Atención Integral al diabético es un espacio adecuado para lograr una integración médica en las funciones de promoción, prevención, y tratamiento del enfermo diabético

Efectividad de los métodos radiográficos periapicales por paralelismo y bisección

Introduction: periapical radiography constitutes the classic and more used method in Dentistry, which can be carried out with bisectal direction or by parallelism, reaching this last one, a generalization and marked efficacy due to the development of system positioners and a coating approach.Objective: to determine the effectiveness of periapical radiographic methods by bisection and parallelism at Antonio Briones Montoto Dentistry Teaching Clinic.Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out between December 2017 and April 2018 in the Radiology Department of the chosen dentistry clinic in a sample of 80 patients, who were given a periapical radiography by bisection and another by parallelism of the region of bicuspids and/or upper molars by trained students of the fourth academic-year of dentistry studies and comparing the images obtained.Results: partial images were produced in 12.5 % and 4 % with bisection and parallelism respectively. The most frequent distortions were the overlapping of the maxillary sinus and zygomatic floor to the roots in 45 and 26.5 % with bisectal direction, 10 and 5 % with parallelism; while the need to repeat X-rays was 25 and 6.25 % respectively.Conclusions: by the periapical and parallelism methods using XCP systems, all the images produced presented a total approach, with scarce and slight distortions of the images saving resources because the need to repeat X-rays was minimal, in addition, it was very easy to learn and perform by novel personnel.Introducción: la radiografía periapical constituye el método clásico y más empleado en Estomatología. Se puede realizar con dirección bisectal o por paralelismo; esta última alcanza una generalización y eficacia marcada, debido al desarrollo de sistemas posicionadores y de enfoque de la película.Objetivo: determinar la efectividad de los métodos radiográficos periapicales por bisección y paralelismo, en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente Antonio Briones Montoto.Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, entre diciembre 2017 y abril 2018, en el Departamento de Radiología de la clínica estomatológica seleccionada en una muestra de 80 pacientes, a los que se le realizó una radiografía periapical por bisección y otra por paralelismo de región de bicúspides y/o molares superiores.  Se compararon las imágenes obtenidas.Resultados: las imágenes parciales se produjeron en 12,5 y 4 % con bisección y paralelismo. Las distorsiones más frecuentes fueron las superposiciones del piso del seno maxilar y del cigomático a las raíces en un 45 y 26,5 % con dirección bisectal y de 10 y 5 % con paralelismo; mientras que la necesidad de repetir radiografías fue de un 25 y 6,25 %.Conclusiones: todas las imágenes producidas con el método periapical por paralelismo con la utilización de sistemas de Extensión de Cono Paralelo, presentaron un enfoque total, con escasas y leves distorsiones de las imágenes con ahorro, la necesidad de repetir radiografías fue mínima, además, resultó muy fácil de aprender y realizar por personal novel

p27 Deficiency Cooperates with Bcl-2 but Not Bax to Promote T-Cell Lymphoma

The effect of Bcl-2 on oncogenesis is complex and expression may either delay or accelerate oncogenesis. The pro-oncogenic activity is attributed to its well characterized anti-apoptotic function while the anti-oncogenic function has been attributed to its inhibition of cellular proliferation. Recent studies demonstrate that p27 may mediate the effects of Bcl-2 on cellular proliferation. We hypothesized that p27 may suppress tumor formation by Bcl-2 family members. To test this hypothesis, cell cycle inhibition and lymphoma development were examined in Lck-Bcl-2 and Lck-Bax38/1 transgenic mice deficient in p27. Strikingly, p27 deficiency synergistically cooperates with Bcl-2 to increase T cell hyperplasia and development of spontaneous T cell lymphomas. Within 1 year, >90% of these mice had developed thymic T cell lymphomas. This high penetrance contrasts with a one year incidence of <5% of thymic lymphoma in Lck-Bcl-2 or p27 −/− mice alone. In contrast, p27 deficiency had no effect on tumor formation in Lck-Bax38/1 transgenic mice, another model of T cell lymphoma. Histologically the lymphomas in p27 −/− Lck-Bcl-2 mice are lymphoblastic and frequently involve multiple organs suggesting an aggressive phenotype. Interestingly, in mature splenic T cells, Bcl-2 largely retains its anti-proliferative function even in the absence of p27. T cells from p27 −/− Lck-Bcl-2 mice show delayed kinetics of CDK2 Thr-160 phosphorylation. This delay is associated with a delay in the up regulation of both Cyclin D2 and D3. These data demonstrate a complex relationship between the Bcl-2 family, cellular proliferation, and oncogenesis and demonstrate that p27 up-regulation is not singularly important in the proliferative delay observed in T cells expressing Bcl-2 family members. Nonetheless, the results indicate that p27 is a critical tumor suppressor in the context of Bcl-2 expression

A methodological framework to distinguish spectrum effects from spectrum biases and to assess diagnostic and screening test accuracy for patient populations: Application to the Papanicolaou cervical cancer smear test

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A spectrum effect was defined as differences in the sensitivity or specificity of a diagnostic test according to the patient's characteristics or disease features. A spectrum effect can lead to a spectrum bias when subgroup variations in sensitivity or specificity also affect the likelihood ratios and thus post-test probabilities. We propose and illustrate a methodological framework to distinguish spectrum effects from spectrum biases.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data were collected for 1781 women having had a cervical smear test and colposcopy followed by biopsy if abnormalities were detected (the reference standard). Logistic models were constructed to evaluate both the sensitivity and specificity, and the likelihood ratios, of the test and to identify factors independently affecting the test's characteristics.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>For both tests, human papillomavirus test, study setting and age affected sensitivity or specificity of the smear test (spectrum effect), but only human papillomavirus test and study setting modified the likelihood ratios (spectrum bias) for clinical reading, whereas only human papillomavirus test and age modified the likelihood ratios (spectrum bias) for "optimized" interpretation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Fitting sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios simultaneously allows the identification of covariates that independently affect diagnostic or screening test results and distinguishes spectrum effect from spectrum bias. We recommend this approach for the development of new tests, and for reporting test accuracy for different patient populations.</p

Asthma Pregnancy Alters Postnatal Development of Chromaffin Cells in the Rat Adrenal Medulla

Background: Adrenal neuroendocrine plays an important role in asthma. The activity of the sympathoadrenal system could be altered by early life events. The effects of maternal asthma during pregnancy on the adrenal medulla of offspring remain unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: This study aims to explore the influence of maternal asthma during pregnancy on the development and function of adrenal medulla in offspring from postnatal day 3 (P3) to postnatal day 60 (P60). Asthmatic pregnant rats (AP), nerve growth factor (NGF)-treated pregnant rats (NP) and NGF antibody-treated pregnant rats (ANP) were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA); NP and ANP were treated with NGF and NGF antibody respectively. Offspring rats from the maternal group were divided into four groups: offspring from control pregnant rats (OCP), offspring from AP (OAP), offspring from NP (ONP), and offspring from ANP (OANP). The expressions of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) protein in adrenal medulla were analyzed. The concentrations of epinephrine (EPI), corticosterone and NGF in serum were measured. Adrenal medulla chromaffin cells (AMCC) were prone to differentiate into sympathetic nerve cells in OAP and ONP. Both EPI and PNMT were decreased in OAP from P3 to P14, and then reached normal level gradually from P30 to P60, which were lower from birth to adulthood in ONP. Corticosterone concentration increased significantly in OAP and ONP. Conclusion/Significance: Asthma pregnancy may promote AMCC to differentiate into sympathetic neurons in offspring rats and inhibit the synthesis of EPI, resulting in dysfunction of bronchial relaxation

Hepatocellular adenoma: what is new in 2008

Patients (85%) with hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) are women taking oral contraceptives. They can be divided into four subgroups according to their genotype/phenotype features. (1) Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) biallelic somatic mutations are observed in 35% of the HCA cases. It occurs in almost all cases in women. HNF1α-mutated HCA are most of the time, highly steatotic, with a lack of expression of liver fatty acid binding protein (LFABP) in immunohistochemistry analyses. Adenomatosis is frequently detected in this context. An HNF1α germline mutation is observed in less than 5% of HCA cases and can be associated with MODY 3 diabetes. (2) An activating β-catenin mutation was found in 10% of HCA. These β-catenin activated HCAs are observed in men and women, and specific risk factors, such as male hormone administration or glycogenosis, are associated with their development. Immunohistochemistry studies show that these HCAs overexpress β-catenin (nuclear and cytoplasmic) and glutamine synthetase. This group of tumours has a higher risk of malignant transformation into hepatocellular carcinoma. (3) Inflammatory HCAs are observed in 40% of the cases, and they are most frequent in women but are also found in men. Lesions are characterised by inflammatory infiltrates, dystrophic arteries, sinusoidal dilatation and ductular reaction. They express serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein. In this group, GGT is frequently elevated, with a biological inflammatory syndrome present. Also, there are more overweight patients in this group. An additional 10% of inflammatory HCAs express β-catenin, and are also at risk of malignant transformation. (4) Currently, less than 10% of HCAs are unclassified. It is hoped that in the near future it will be possible with clinical, biological and imaging data to predict in which of the 2 major groups (HNF1α-mutated HCA and inflammatory HCA) the patient belongs and to propose better guidelines in terms of surveillance and treatment

Mechanosensing is critical for axon growth in the developing brain.

During nervous system development, neurons extend axons along well-defined pathways. The current understanding of axon pathfinding is based mainly on chemical signaling. However, growing neurons interact not only chemically but also mechanically with their environment. Here we identify mechanical signals as important regulators of axon pathfinding. In vitro, substrate stiffness determined growth patterns of Xenopus retinal ganglion cell axons. In vivo atomic force microscopy revealed a noticeable pattern of stiffness gradients in the embryonic brain. Retinal ganglion cell axons grew toward softer tissue, which was reproduced in vitro in the absence of chemical gradients. To test the importance of mechanical signals for axon growth in vivo, we altered brain stiffness, blocked mechanotransduction pharmacologically and knocked down the mechanosensitive ion channel piezo1. All treatments resulted in aberrant axonal growth and pathfinding errors, suggesting that local tissue stiffness, read out by mechanosensitive ion channels, is critically involved in instructing neuronal growth in vivo.This work was supported by the German National Academic Foundation (scholarship to D.E.K.), Wellcome Trust and Cambridge Trusts (scholarships to A.J.T.), Winston Churchill Foundation of the United States (scholarship to S.K.F.), Herchel Smith Foundation (Research Studentship to S.K.F.), CNPq 307333/2013-2 (L.d.F.C.), NAP-PRP-USP and FAPESP 11/50761-2 (L.d.F.C.), UK EPSRC BT grant (J.G.), Wellcome Trust WT085314 and the European Research Council 322817 grants (C.E.H.); an Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Feodor Lynen Fellowship (K.F.), UK BBSRC grant BB/M021394/1 (K.F.), the Human Frontier Science Program Young Investigator Grant RGY0074/2013 (K.F.), the UK Medical Research Council Career Development Award G1100312/1 (K.F.) and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute Of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R21HD080585 (K.F.).This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Nature Publishing Group via https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.439