Redresser les torts : l’abolitionnisme et le contrôle de la criminalité

In this article 'abolitionism' will be discussed as a social movement, a theoretical perspective, and a political strategy. Strategies for penal reform will be dealt with and the implications of the abolitionist perspective for crime control will be discussed. As a theoretical perspective, abolitionism takes on the twofold task of providing a radical critique of the criminal justice system while showing that there are other, more rational ways of dealing with crime. It will be argued that what is needed is a wide variety o social responses rather than a uniform state reaction to the problem of crime. Therefore, a reconceptualization of the notions of crime and punishment is offered in the form of the concept of redress. In policy terms it is claimed that social policy instead of crime policy is needed in dealing with the social problems and conflicts that are currently singled as the problem of crime

Low gH/gL (Sub)Species-Specific Antibody Levels Indicate Elephants at Risk of Fatal Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Hemorrhagic Disease

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs), of which eleven (sub)species are currently distinguished, infect either Asian (Elephas maximus) or African elephants (Loxodonta species). While all adult elephants are latently infected with at least one EEHV (sub)species, young elephants, specifically those with low to non-detectable EEHV-specific antibody levels, may develop fatal hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) upon infection. However, animals with high antibody levels against EEHV(1A) gB, an immunodominant antigen recognized by antibodies elicited against multiple (sub)species, may also occasionally succumb to EEHV-HD. To better define which animals are at risk of EEHV-HD, gB and gH/gL ELISAs were developed for each of the Asian elephant EEHV subspecies and assessed using 396 sera from 164 Asian elephants from European zoos. Antibody levels measured against gB of different (sub)species correlated strongly with one another, suggesting high cross-reactivity. Antibody levels against gH/gL of different subspecies were far less correlated and allowed differentiation between these (sub)species. Importantly, while high gB-specific antibody levels were detected in the sera of several EEHV-HD fatalities, all fatalities (n = 23) had low antibody levels against gH/gL of the subspecies causing disease. Overall, our data indicate that (sub)species-specific gH/gL ELISAs can be used to identify animals at risk of EEHV-HD when infected with a particular EEHV (sub)species

Low gH/gL (sub)species-specific antibody levels indicate elephants at risk of fatal elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs), of which eleven (sub)species are currently distinguished, infect either Asian (Elephas maximus) or African elephants (Loxodonta species). While all adult elephants are latently infected with at least one EEHV (sub)species, young elephants, specifically those with low to non-detectable EEHV-specific antibody levels, may develop fatal hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) upon infection. However, animals with high antibody levels against EEHV(1A) gB, an immunodominant antigen recognized by antibodies elicited against multiple (sub)species, may also occasionally succumb to EEHV-HD. To better define which animals are at risk of EEHV-HD, gB and gH/gL ELISAs were developed for each of the Asian elephant EEHV subspecies and assessed using 396 sera from 164 Asian elephants from European zoos. Antibody levels measured against gB of different (sub)species correlated strongly with one another, suggesting high cross-reactivity. Antibody levels against gH/gL of different subspecies were far less correlated and allowed differentiation between these (sub)species. Importantly, while high gB-specific antibody levels were detected in the sera of several EEHV-HD fatalities, all fatalities (n = 23) had low antibody levels against gH/gL of the subspecies causing disease. Overall, our data indicate that (sub)species-specific gH/gL ELISAs can be used to identify animals at risk of EEHV-HD when infected with a particular EEHV (sub)species.Named Fund Friends of VetMed.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/viruseshj2024Veterinary Tropical DiseasesSDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

Rapid development of intestinal cell damage following severe trauma: a prospective observational cohort study

Introduction Loss of intestinal integrity has been implicated as an important contributor to the development of excessive inflammation following severe trauma. Thus far, clinical data concerning the occurrence and significance of intestinal damage after trauma remain scarce. This study investigates whether early intestinal epithelial cell damage occurs in trauma patients and, if present, whether such cell injury is related to shock, injury severity and the subsequent inflammatory response. Methods Prospective observational cohort study in 96 adult trauma patients. Upon arrival at the emergency room (ER) plasma levels of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (i-FABP), a specific marker for damage of differentiated enterocytes, were measured. Factors that potentially influence the development of intestinal cell damage after trauma were determined, including the presence of shock and the extent of abdominal trauma and general injury severity. Furthermore, early plasma levels of i-FABP were related to inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results Upon arrival at the ER, plasma i-FABP levels were increased compared with healthy volunteers, especially in the presence of shock (P < 0.01). The elevation of i-FABP was related to the extent of abdominal trauma as well as general injury severity (P < 0.05). Circulatory i-FABP concentrations at ER correlated positively with IL-6 and PCT levels at the first day (r2 = 0.19; P < 0.01 and r2 = 0.36; P < 0.001 respectively) and CRP concentrations at the second day after trauma (r2 = 0.25; P < 0.01). Conclusions This study reveals early presence of intestinal epithelial cell damage in trauma patients. The extent of intestinal damage is associated with the presence of shock and injury severity. Early intestinal damage precedes and is related to the subsequent developing inflammatory response

Next generation single-domain antibodies against respiratory zoonotic RNA viruses

The global impact of zoonotic viral outbreaks underscores the pressing need for innovative antiviral strategies, particularly against respiratory zoonotic RNA viruses. These viruses possess a high potential to trigger future epidemics and pandemics due to their high mutation rate, broad host range and efficient spread through airborne transmission. Recent pandemics caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses underscore the importance of developing targeted antiviral strategies. Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs), originating from camelids, also known as nanobodies or VHHs (Variable Heavy domain of Heavy chain antibodies), have emerged as promising tools to combat current and impending zoonotic viral threats. Their unique structure, coupled with attributes like robustness, compact size, and cost-effectiveness, positions them as strong alternatives to traditional monoclonal antibodies. This review describes the pivotal role of sdAbs in combating respiratory zoonotic viruses, with a primary focus on enhancing sdAb antiviral potency through optimization techniques and diverse administration strategies. We discuss both the promises and challenges within this dynamically growing field

Gezonde, robuuste bodem en teeltsystemen gebaseerd op agro-ecologie en zonder schadelijke emissies naar grond- en oppervlaktewater

Aanleiding: missie gedreven innovatie. Het Ministerie van LNV heeft zes missies gedefinieerd om de maatschappelijke opgaven voor het thema Landbouw, Water, Voedsel aan te pakken. Eén daarvan is Gezonde, robuuste bodem en teeltsystemen gebaseerd op agro-ecologie en zonder emissies naar grond- en oppervlaktewater. De missies geven ambities voor kennis en innovatie: zij moeten prikkelen tot ambitieus onderzoek en doorslaggevende innovaties. Het Ministerie wil een goed beeld te krijgen van: het voor de missie noodzakelijke onderzoek, van lopende initiatieven, van betrokken partijen, en van beschikbare kennis. De maatschappelijke relevantie van dit onderwerp is groot, wat blijkt uit de recentelijk gepubliceerde “Toekomstvisie Gewasbescherming 2030 naar weerbare planten en teeltsystemen”, EU Kaderrichtlijn Water, het Deltaplan Biodiversiteit en de door de sectoren geformuleerde ambities en actieplannen op dit onderwerp (Actieplan Plantgezondheid)

Effect van organische stofbeheer op opbrengst, bodemkwaliteit en stikstofverliezen op een zuidelijke zandgrond : Resultaten van de gangbare bedrijfssystemen van het project Bodemkwaliteit op zand in de periode 2011-2016

In het bedrijfssysteemonderzoek Bodemkwaliteit op zand op WUR-proeflocatie Vredepeel worden twee gangbare bedrijfssystemen met elkaar vergeleken gedurende de periode 2011-2016: één systeem met een gebruikelijke organische stofaanvoer met gebruik van drijfmest (STANDAARD) en één systeem met een lage organische stofaanvoer met gebruik van meststoffen zonder of met een laag gehalte organische stof (LAAG). Systeem LAAG heeft een 5% lagere totale droge stofproductie (p<0,05) en een lager risico op stikstofuitspoeling. De nitraatconcentraties in het grondwater (n.s.), de N-min voorraden in de bodem in het najaar (p<0,1), en het stikstofoverschot (n.s.) zijn in LAAG in alle gevallen lager dan STANDAARD. In beide systemen ligt de nitraatconcentratie in het grondwater boven de norm in de Europese nitraatrichtlijn (50 mg/l). Het organisch stofgehalte in LAAG is 0,4%-punt lager dan STANDAARD (p<0,01). Andere bodemparameters zijn in de loop van de tijd van de proef niet veranderd. Er kon geen duidelijk verband afgeleid worden tussen de aanvoer van organische stof en lachgasemissies. Aanvoer van extra organische stof in de vorm van compost in zowel LAAG als STANDAARD leidt tot hogere opbrengsten (n.s.), met name in systeem LAAG, maar geen verhoging van de uitspoeling. De opbrengsten in STANDAARD liggen gemiddeld 15% lager dan de praktijkopbrengsten op de proeflocatie, mogelijk veroorzaakt door de strikte bemestingsstrategie sinds de start van het bedrijfssystemenonderzoek in 1988. Met de indicaties voor lagere stikstofverliezen, hoewel nog steeds boven de nitraatnorm, bij een lagere aanvoer van organische stof, maar tegelijkertijd lagere opbrengsten geeft dit onderzoek een dilemma weer tussen een belangrijk milieuaspect en de economie van het boerenbedrijf