Allelic and phenotypic characterization of CYP2D6 and its encoded P450 cytochrome enzyme in a serie of Spanish type 1 Gaucher disease patients

Background: Cytochrome p450 is the main drug metabolic pathway. CYP2D6 is a highly polymorphic gene that encodes a cytochrome p450 enzyme with three activity levels: null, reduced and normal. Apart from another type of mutations CYP2D6 can suffer duplications and deletions of the entire gene. This is the pathway to metabolize one of the Gaucher disease treatments, whose dose administration is regulated according to the metabolizer phenotype, this being one of the administration limitations. Objectives: The aim of this paper is to evaluate the allelic frequencies and the metabolizer status of Gaucher type 1 patients in the Spanish population and compare it with the general Spanish population and other Gaucher disease groups. Methods: In this study, 109 type 1 Gaucher disease patients were analyzed with the xTAG®CYP2D6 kit to identify the CYP2D6 gene alleles. Results: We observed that eighty-seven patients could be classified as extensive, 14 as intermediate, 6 as poor and 2 as ultra-rapid metabolizers. The allelic duplication frequency is 5.5% and deletion is 4.5%. The most common allele is wild-type and the second is the null *4 allele. Intermediate phenotype frequency is higher than expected (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our Spanish GD series shows an unexpected distribution of some alleles and phenotypic metabolizer status, in contrast to that previously reported in the Spanish population

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated pig carriers

Ninety-six Salmonella isolates from healthy carrier pigs were obtained from a survey in pig farms of Catalonia (Spain). Isolates were serotyped and examined for their antimicrobial susceptibility against a panel of 18 antimicrobial agents. Only isolates having different phenotypic and antimicrobial susceptibility characteristics were considered. With this restriction, we considered to have 62 different strains belonging to 17 serotypes. The most common serotype was Anatum (16.1 %) followed by Rissen (14.5 %), Typhimurium (11.3 %), Derby (9.7 %), Tilburg (8.1 %), Goldcoast (8.1 %) and Typhimurium variant 4,5,12:i:- (6.5 %). Others 10 serotypes were also isolated less than three times each. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis showed that the highest level of resistance was against tetracycline (68.8 %). Sixty-two percent of the strains showed resistance to three or more antimicrobial agents and 46% were resistant to five or more drugs. The maximum number of compounds to which two strains were resistant was 10 (corresponding to a 4,5,12:i:- strain). None of the strains was resistant to colistin or ceftriaxone and 12 strains were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested

(5SR,10SR,15SR)-Trimethyl 5H,10H,15H-diindeno­[1,2-a:1′,2′-c]fluorene-5,10,15-tricarboxyl­ate 0.167-hydrate

The title compound, C33H24O6·0.17H2O, which is commonly known as (SR,SR,SR)-trimethyl 1,10,19-truxentricarboxyl­ate, crystallizes as a hydrate with the water mol­ecule encapsulated between three ester groups by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding to two of them. The water mol­ecule site is not fully occupied in the crystal studied, with a refined site occupancy of 0.167 (5). The 27-atom ring system is approximately planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.148 (1) Å, and the three ester substituents are all on the same side of this plane

Salmonella in free-living exotic and native turtles and in pet exotic turtles from SW Spain

We screened 78 native and 94 exotic turtles from natural ponds and 39 exotic pet turtles for presence of Salmonella, resulting with infection rates of 6.61%, 6.4%, and 5.1%, respectively. Concurrent shedding of multiple serotypes of the bacteria was only detected in one pet turtle. Eleven isolates were obtained in free-living turtles, including serotypes commonly found in reptiles and also the serotype Typhimurium, which is commonly related to human infections. In pet turtles, the five serotypes isolated were different to those isolated in free-living turtles and had been reported to cause reptile-associated salmonellosis in humans. These results confirm the risk of transmission of Salmonella from free-living and pet turtles to humans, demanding the necessity of regulation of pet turtle trade in Europe. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer Reviewe

La presencia de la publicidad en la composición visual de los diarios online.

Visual strength is responsible for one of the mayor changes undergone by the digital press with Internet explosion and the increase of the Informational and Communicational Technologies. The present study analyzes the structure the digital press has taken and the role of the digital advertisement in the composition of their textual and iconic elements. The paper quantifies the picture representations volume and compares their presence on the digital natives papers with those coming from the traditional paper support. The results reveal that there is a mayor contribution of adverts on the native on-line press compare to the on-line paper arriving from the traditional media decreasing the information volume. At the same time the visual volume is boosted on the former compare to the digital media with a paper support. Altogether it can be said that visual component prompted the digital papers first page, being this effect enhanced on the native digital papers.El poder de la imagen es uno de los principales motores de cambio que se ha dado en la prensa con la aparición de internet y la evolución de  las TIC. El presente estudio analiza cómo es la estructura que está utilizando la prensa digital y qué papel representa la publicidad respecto a los elementos textuales e icónicos que forman el periódico. El trabajo cuantifica y compara el papel de la imagen y la publicidad en las cabeceras online consideradas nativas, es decir aquellas que han nacido en la red, con las procedentes de un soporte impreso. El análisis revela que los diarios on-line nativos presentan mayor volumen publicitario en detrimento del contenido informativo. Al mismo tiempo se constata una mayor presencia de la información gráfica en los primeros. En conjunto puede afirmarse que el componte visual domina las portadas de ambos tipos de diarios digitales, si bien en los diarios nativos digitales este efecto está más agudizado.AbstractVisual strength is responsible for one of the mayor changes undergone by the digital press with Internet explosion and the increase of the Informational and Communicational Technologies. The present study analyzes the structure the digital press has taken and the role of the digital advertisement in the composition of their textual and iconic elements. The paper quantifies the picture representations volume and compares their presence on the digital natives papers with those coming from the traditional paper support. The results reveal that there is a mayor contribution of adverts on the native on-line press compare to the on-line paper arriving from the traditional media decreasing the information volume. At the same time the visual volume is boosted on the former compare to the digital media with a paper support. Altogether it can be said that visual component prompted the digital papers first page, being this effect enhanced on the native digital papers.