LAND COVER MAPPING IN THE BRAZILIAN PAMPA WITH LANDSAT OLI AND TIRS BANDS: Mapeamento da cobertura de terra no Pampa Brasileiro com LANDSAT OLI e BANDA TIRS

When different time periods are considered, detection of past and present changes in land cover are enabled, also for quantifying and qualifying those changes. Land cover/use maps are the primary tools for the management and conservation of natural and man-made areas. For this, remote sensing bands of the reflected spectrum are usually used, leaving aside the thermal data. The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of the thermal band (b10) of the TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) sensor of landsat 8 satellite to increase the land cover maps accuracy in the Pampa biome from object-oriented classification. For the development of the research, 11 scenes of the Landsat 8, OLI sensor and TIRS were used. Thus, 14 cells were selected in the Brazilian Pampa, totaling 5% of its area. The following steps were performed: obtaining land surface temperature (LST) data and vegetation indices; data preparation; object-oriented classification; validation with 1354 reference points and analysis of the results. The results showed that the insertion of thermal bands, especially from different dates, increased the discrimination among classes. The classification presented 86% of global accuracy. Therefore, it is recommended to insert thermal data for mapping and environmental monitoring of the Pampa biomeQuando diferentes períodos de tempo são considerados, a detecção de mudanças passadas e presentes na cobertura do solo é utilizada, também para quantificar e qualificar essas mudanças. Os mapas de uso / cobertura do solo são as principais ferramentas para a gestão e conservação de áreas naturais e artificiais. Para isso, normalmente são utilizadas bandas de sensoriamento remoto do espectro refletido, deixando de lado os dados térmicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão da banda térmica (b10) do sensor TIRS (Thermal Infrared Sensor) do satélite Terrestre 8 para aumentar a precisão dos mapas de cobertura do solo no bioma Pampa a partir da classificação orientada a objetos. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foram utilizadas 11 cenas do Landsat 8, sensor OLI e TIRS. Assim, foram selecionadas 14 células no Pampa brasileiro, totalizando 5% de sua área. As seguintes etapas foram realizadas: obtenção de dados de temperatura da superfície da terra (LST) e índices de vegetação; preparação de dados; classificação orientada a objetos; validação com 1354 pontos de referência e análise dos resultados. Os resultados mostraram que a inserção de faixas termais, principalmente a partir de datas diferentes, aumentou a discriminação entre as classes. A classificação apresentou 86% de acurácia global. Portanto, recomenda-se inserir dados térmicos para mapeamento e monitoramento ambiental do bioma Pampa

The influence of intense intermitent versus moderate continuous exercise on postprandial lipemia

INTRODUCTION: Postprandial lipemia is characterized by an increased concentration of circulating lipids after fat intake and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exercise is known to reduce postprandial lipemia and its negative clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of intense intermittent versus moderate continuous exercise using the same energy expenditure in postprandial lipemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty healthy men (aged 21.5 + 3.5 years) performed a random sequence of either rest or 500 Kcal tests separated by a minimum 48 h interval as follows: (a) no exercise (control), (b) intense intermittent exercise, or (c) moderate continuous exercise. Each test series was completed 30 min before ingestion of a high-fat meal (1 g fat/kg). Venous blood was collected before and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after the high-fat meal. Postprandial lipemia was assessed using the area under the curve approach as well as a kinetic profile of mean lipid variables. Statistical significance was tested at the p<0.05 level. RESULTS: With both statistical approaches, intense intermittent and moderate continuous exercises were both effective in reducing postprandial triglycerides; however, only intense intermittent exercise reduced the levels of postprandial very low density lipoprotein. Intense intermittent and continuous exercise produced lower levels of insulinemia using the area under the curve analysis only. CONCLUSION: Intense intermittent or continuous exercise with an energy expenditure of 500 kcal completed 30 min before ingestion of high-fat meal reduced postprandial lipid levels to different levels in physically active men. Understanding these relevant differences will enable clinicians to provide the best exercise prescription for patients

YouTube as a Source of Information About Physical Exercise During COVID-19 Outbreak

Context: Physical inactivity levels in the course of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak increased significantly. Our aim was to address how the information related to the physical exercise and COVID-19 posted on YouTube reaches the general public during COVID-19 outbreak. Evidence Acquisition: For this, research was carried out crossing the terms covid 19 and physical exercise in the YouTube database. The search was conducted only in the English language and was established/closed on April 26th (2020) to June 26th (2020) in order to observe the dynamics of video production on YouTube. Results: The main terms and concepts mentioned in the analysis of YouTube videos were COVID-19, pandemic, quarantine, social isolation and distance, physical activity, physical exercise, home-based physical exercise, physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, and mental health. The information was posted and supported by renowned health and physical exercise experts and entities. The recommendations for physical exercise in the current scenario focused on programs that require little equipment and space (carried out indoors and at home) and at low cost in an attempt to maintain and improve physical and mental health from different population groups. Conclusions: Information about COVID-19 and exercise was growing and progressive throughout the pandemic on YouTube. However, care and guidance are needed in using the information provided by YouTube as a source of reference for the practice of physical exercise during the COVID-19 outbreak

Reference values for bone mass in young athletes: a cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil

Reference values for bone mass in young athletes need to be used for screening purposes, and country/regional reference values should be used to improve precision of comparisons. The aim of the present study was to develop reference values for bone health variables in Brazilian young athletes. The bone mass content (BMC), bone mass density (BMD), and total body less head (TBLH) BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were measured in 702 young athletes (327 men and 375 women) aged 8.5–18.5 years, divided into 5 groups, according to their age: group 1 (8.5–10.5 years), group 2 (10.6–12.5 years), group 3 (12.6–14.5 years), group 4 (14.6–16.5 years), and group 5 (16.6–18.5 years). Comparisons between the sexes and ages were performed and age-sex-smoothed reference values were constructed. Male athletes presented high BMC and BMD than female athletes in age groups 3, 4, and 5 (p < 0.005) and high TBLH BMD than female athletes in age groups 4 and 5 (p < 0.005). Reference values, including the percentiles are presented for the bone health variables of each sex and age group. The age-, sex-, and ethnic-specific reference data for bone variables presented in this study enabled more precise reference data for young Brazilian athletes. These data may assist in monitoring changes during an athletes’ growth and different phases of athletic training

ANÁLISE DAS TAXAS DE DESMATAMENTO E SEUS FATORES ASSOCIADOS NA AMAZÔNIA LEGAL BRASILEIRA NAS ÚLTIMAS TRÊS DÉCADAS

O bioma Amazônia possui a mais extensa floresta tropical do planeta. O seu papel fundamental no equilíbrio climático, assim como a intensificação das atividades econômicas que têm degradado a cobertura vegetal nas últimas décadas, evidenciam a necessidade da conservação da Amazônia. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as taxas de desmatamento na Amazônia Legal Brasileira (ALB) ao longo da série histórica do Projeto de Monitoramento do Desmatamento na Amazônia Legal por Satélite (PRODES) e discutir os valores de perda de floresta acumulados até o ano de 2020 em cada unidade federativa. Ao longo da série PRODES, as maiores taxas de desmatamento foram registradas em 1995 e em 2004, motivadas, respectivamente, pela implantação do Plano Real e pela recuperação da economia do país, devido à estabilização da moeda – o que impulsionou a economia, inclusive em setores ligados ao agronegócio. A crise das commodities, a criação de políticas públicas e ações de fiscalização contribuíram para a redução do desmatamento até 2012. Todavia, a partir de 2013 as taxas voltaram a crescer, estimuladas pelo enfraquecimento da legislação ambiental e das ações de combate ao desmatamento e pela conjuntura econômica favorável a expansão das atividades agropecuárias. Cerca de 20,62 % das florestas originais da ALB foram suprimidas até 2020, sendo que os estados com maior perda florestal são o Pará, Mato Grosso, Maranhão e Rondônia

Produtividade do brócolis de cabeça em função do espaçamento de cultivo

O espaçamento de cultivo do brócolis de cabeça pode influenciar diretamente as características produtivas e o rendimento econômico da cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer o espaçamento mais adequado para o cultivo de brócolis de cabeça nas condições edafoclimáticas de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos que corresponderam aos espaçamentos entre linhas, e 5 repetições. Os espaçamentos foram: 1,0; 0,9; 0,8 e 0,7 m. O espaçamento entre plantas foi de 0,5 m. A cultivar utilizada foi o brócolis de cabeça (Brassica oleracea var. italica, híbrido Lord Summer). Foram avaliados o diâmetro de inflorescência (DI), massa de inflorescência (MI) e produtividade comercial de inflorescência (PCI). Diante das condições deste experimento, o espaçamento entre as linhas de 0,7 m é o mais adequado para o cultivo de brócolis de cabeça garantindo altas produtividades e inflorescência padrões que atendem as duas formas de comercialização (in natura ou processamento). A relação produtividade comercial de inflorescência versus espaçamento de entre linhas foi melhor caracterizada por uma função quadrática. O máximo DI, MI e PCI para o menor espaçamento (0,7 m) foram de 20,2±0,40 cm, 652±14,8 g e 18,6±0,42 t ha-1, respectivamente. O espaçamento de 0,8 m entre linhas proporcionou a maior desuniformidade entre as plantas, pois apresentou maior desvio padrão da média nos parâmetros produtivos avaliados (DI, MI e PCI)

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO