Adiponectin promotes syncytialisation of BeWo cell line and primary trophoblast cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In human pregnancy, a correct placentation depends on trophoblast proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion. These processes are highly regulated by placental hormones, growth factors and cytokines. Recently, we have shown that adiponectin, an adipokine, has anti-proliferative effects on trophoblastic cells. Here, we complete this study by demonstrating that adiponectin modulates BeWo and human villous cytotrophoblast cell differentiation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We showed that hCG secretion was up-regulated by adiponectin treatment in both BeWo cells and human cytotrophoblasts from very early placentas (5-6 weeks). The expression of two trophoblast differentiation markers, leptin and syncytin 2, was also up-regulated by adiponectin in BeWo cells. Moreover, adiponectin treatment induced a loss of E-cadherin staining in these cells. In parallel, we demonstrated that AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are up-regulated during forskolin induced BeWo cell differentiation, reinforcing the role of adiponectin in trophoblast syncytialization. SiRNA mediated down-regulation of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 was used to demonstrate that adiponectin effects on differentiation were essentially mediated by these receptors. Finally, using a specific inhibitor, we demonstrated that the PKA signalling pathway could be one pathway involved in adiponectin effects on trophoblast differentiation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Adiponectin enhances the differentiation process of trophoblast cells and could thus be involved in functional syncytiotrophoblast formation.</p

Mild forms of hypophosphatasia mostly result from dominant negative effect of severe alleles or from compound heterozygosity for severe and moderate alleles

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mild hypophosphatasia (HPP) phenotype may result from <it>ALPL </it>gene mutations exhibiting residual alkaline phosphatase activity or from severe heterozygous mutations exhibiting a dominant negative effect. In order to determine the cause of our failure to detect a second mutation by sequencing in patients with mild HPP and carrying on a single heterozygous mutation, we tested the possible dominant effect of 35 mutations carried by these patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We tested the mutations by site-directed mutagenesis. We also genotyped 8 exonic and intronic <it>ALPL </it>gene polymorphisms in the patients and in a control group in order to detect the possible existence of a recurrent intronic mild mutation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that most of the tested mutations exhibit a dominant negative effect that may account for the mild HPP phenotype, and that for at least some of the patients, a second mutation in linkage disequilibrium with a particular haplotype could not be ruled out.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Mild HPP results in part from compound heterozygosity for severe and moderate mutations, but also in a large part from heterozygous mutations with a dominant negative effect.</p

TWEAK Appears as a Modulator of Endometrial IL-18 Related Cytotoxic Activity of Uterine Natural Killers

BACKGROUND: TWEAK (Tumor necrosis factor like WEAK inducer of apoptosis) is highly expressed by different immune cells and triggers multiple cellular responses, including control of angiogenesis. Our objective was to investigate its role in the human endometrium during the implantation window, using an ex-vivo endometrial microhistoculture model. Indeed, previous results suggested that basic TWEAK expression influences the IL-18 related uNK recruitment and local cytotoxicity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Endometrial biopsies were performed 7 to 9 days after the ovulation surge of women in monitored natural cycles. Biopsies were cut in micro-pieces and cultured on collagen sponge with appropriate medium. Morphology, functionality and cell death were analysed at different time of the culture. We used this ex vivo model to study mRNA expressions of NKp46 (a uNK cytotoxic receptor) and TGF-beta1 (protein which regulates uNK cytokine production) after adjunction of excess of recombinant IL-18 and either recombinant TWEAK or its antibody. NKp46 protein expression was also detailed by immunohistochemistry in selected patients with high basic mRNA level of IL-18 and either low or high mRNA level of TWEAK. The NKp46 immunostaining was stronger in patients with an IL-18 over-expression and a low TWEAK expression, when compared with patients with both IL-18 and TWEAK high expressions. We did not observe any difference for TWEAK expression when recombinant protein IL-18 or its antibody was added, or conversely, for IL-18 expression when TWEAK or its antibody was added in the culture medium. In a pro-inflammatory environment (obtained by an excess of IL-18), inhibition of TWEAK was able to increase significantly NKp46 and TGF-beta1 mRNA expressions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: TWEAK doesn't act on IL-18 expression but seems to control IL-18 related cytotoxicity on uNK cells when IL-18 is over-expressed. Thus, TWEAK appears as a crucial physiological modulator to prevent endometrial uNK cytotoxicity in human

Alterations de la regulation de la lipolyse dans les adipocytes de rats surrenalectomises : recherche des mecanismes impliques

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Figure 5. Caridina tupaia n in Revision of freshwater shrimps belonging to Caridina weberi complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from Polynesia with discussion on their biogeography

Figure 5. Caridina tupaia n. sp. Holotype (MNHN-IU-2018-260; DNA: CA2058), (a). first pereiopod; (b). second pereiopod; (c). third pereiopod; (d). fifth pereiopod; e. dactylus of fifth pereiopod; (f). dactylus of third pereiopod; (g). cephalothorax; h. preanal carina; (j). uropodal diaeresis; (k). telson. Paratype (MNHN-IU-2018-268), (i). eggs. Paratype (MNHN-IU-2018-261; DNA: CA1048), (l). first pleopod; m. second pleopod.Published as part of Mazancourt, Valentin de, Marquet, Gérard & Keith, Philippe, 2019, Revision of freshwater shrimps belonging to Caridina weberi complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from Polynesia with discussion on their biogeography, pp. 815-847 in Journal of Natural History 53 (13) on page 829, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1612959, http://zenodo.org/record/367564

Caridina variabilirostris (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae), a new species of freshwater shrimp from Pohnpei (Micronesia)

International audienceRecently, the status of a new species of atyid shrimp from Pohnpei (Micronesia) was discussed in relation to C. brachydactyla De Man, 1908 and C. mertoni J. Roux, 1911. By combining morphological data with a phylogenetic analysis with closely related species, this species is here described as Caridina variabilirostris sp. nov. Notes on its ecological distribution are also provided. The new species is characterized by a highly variable rostrum and is present in rivers all over Pohnpei Island. The status of this new species is clarified and it is shown that neither C. brachydactyla De Man 1908 nor C. mertoni J. Roux, 1911 occur on Pohnpei Island

Revision of freshwater shrimps belonging to Caridina weberi complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from Polynesia with discussion on their biogeography

International audienceCaridina weberi, an emblematic species of the ‘C. weberi complex’, was described by De Man in 1892 from different localities in Indonesia. Until now, this species was thought to have a wide distribution in Polynesia. Numerous specimens identified as C. weberi were collected recently from various Polynesian islands. In the context of integrative taxonomy, they were morphologically and genetically studied. Three new species allied to C. weberi are here described: C. marquesensis n. sp., C. futunensis n. sp. and C. tupaia n. sp. The occurrence of C. rapaensis, another species part of the ‘C. weberi’ complex is confirmed. Descriptions or redescription of these species are given as well as their geographical and ecological distributions. The position of these species in the complex is clarified. A key is provided to facilitate identification

Figure 3. Caridina futunensis n in Revision of freshwater shrimps belonging to Caridina weberi complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from Polynesia with discussion on their biogeography

Figure 3. Caridina futunensis n. sp. Holotype (MNHN-IU-2018-195; DNA: CA2118), (a, b, c) cephalothorax; (d). first pereiopod; e. second pereiopod; (f). third pereiopod; (g). dactylus of third pereiopod; h. fifth pereiopod; i. dactylus of fifth pereiopod; (j). preanal carina; (k). first pleopod; (l). second pleopod.Published as part of Mazancourt, Valentin de, Marquet, Gérard & Keith, Philippe, 2019, Revision of freshwater shrimps belonging to Caridina weberi complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from Polynesia with discussion on their biogeography, pp. 815-847 in Journal of Natural History 53 (13) on page 823, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1612959, http://zenodo.org/record/367564

Figure 8 in Revision of freshwater shrimps belonging to Caridina weberi complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from Polynesia with discussion on their biogeography

Figure 8. Distribution map of the four species studied with oceanic currents of Southern Polynesia (from Martinez et al. 2009) represented: SEC. South Equatorial Current. SECC. South Equatorial Countercurrent. MCC. Marquesas Countercurrent. STCC. South Tropical Countercurrent. GYRE. South Pacific Gyre.Published as part of Mazancourt, Valentin de, Marquet, Gérard & Keith, Philippe, 2019, Revision of freshwater shrimps belonging to Caridina weberi complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from Polynesia with discussion on their biogeography, pp. 815-847 in Journal of Natural History 53 (13) on page 837, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1612959, http://zenodo.org/record/367564

Figure 7 in Revision of freshwater shrimps belonging to Caridina weberi complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from Polynesia with discussion on their biogeography

Figure 7. Live colouration of the species: (a, b). C. tupaia n. sp. (c). C. marquesensis n. sp. (d, e). C. rapaensis. (f). C. futunensis n. sp. (g). Habitat of C. futunensis n. sp. in Futuna. Credits: (a, b, c): G. Marquet; (d, e): E. Vigneux; (f): V. de Mazancourt; (g): A. Dutartre.Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Mazancourt, Valentin de, Marquet, Gérard &amp; Keith, Philippe, 2019, Revision of freshwater shrimps belonging to Caridina weberi complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from Polynesia with discussion on their biogeography, pp. 815-847 in Journal of Natural History 53 (13)&lt;/i&gt; on page 836, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1612959, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3675643"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/3675643&lt;/a&gt