Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

Resposta eritropoética de ratos em diferentes graus de parasitemia por Trypanosoma evansi Erithropoietic response in Trypanosoma evansi infected rats with different parasitaemia intensity

O Trypanosoma evansi é um protozoário hemoflagelado que causa, em várias espécies, uma doença caracterizada por altos níveis de parasitemia, com rápido desenvolvimento de anemia. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre o grau de parasitemia e a alteração na eritropoese de ratos (Rattus norvegicus) da linhagem Wistar infectados experimentalmente com T. evansi. Foram utilizados 42 ratos, dos quais 36 foram inoculados pela via intraperitoneal com 0,2ml de sangue, contendo 2,5 x 104 parasitas. Seis ratos não-inoculados foram utilizados como controles. Após inoculação, a parasitemia foi avaliada a cada 12h. Os grupos para análise foram estipulados de acordo com a média de tripanossomas em 10 campos homogêneos focados aleatoriamente, sendo: A, controle; B, animais que apresentaram um grau de parasitemia entre 1-10 tripanossomas/campo; C, ratos com 11-20 tripanossomas/campo; D, ratos com 21-30 tripanossomas/campo; E, ratos com 31-40 tripanossomas/campo; F, 41-50 tripanossomas/campo; e G, ratos com mais de 51 tripanossomas/campo. Quando os animais apresentaram o número de protozoários equivalente ao grupo, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para realização de hemograma e dosagem de ferro, e foi realizada citologia de medula óssea para avaliação da relação mielóide:eritróide. A análise estatística mostrou redução significativa das hemácias e do hematócrito a partir de 31 tripanossomas/campo (grupos E, F e G; P<0,005) e a redução de hemoglobina ocorreu a partir de 41 tripanossomas/campo (grupos F e G; P<0,005). A relação mielóide:eritróide foi reduzida de 0,7 para 0,6 a partir de 41 tripanossomas/campo (grupos F e G; P<0,005). Não foram detectadas variações na concentração de ferro. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que ratos com parasitemia acima de 31 tripanossomas por campo desenvolvem uma anemia aguda, com um aumento compensatório na atividade hematopoética.<br>Trypanosoma evansi is a flagellate protozoan that causes a disease characterized by high parasitemia and acute anemia in various species. This study was aimed at evaluating and establishing a relationship between different parasitemia levels and eritropoyesis in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) experimentally infected by T. evansi. Forty two animals were used. In 36 animals parasites were inoculated by intraperitoneal blood injection of 0.2ml containing 2.5x104 parasites. Six non-inoculated animals were used as controls. Parasitemia was evaluated every 12 hours and the animals were allocated in groups according to parasitemia levels. Then they were classified according to average number of parasites in 10 random homogeneous fields, Group A: control (not-inoculated); B: rats with 1-10 trypanosomes/field; C: 11-20 trypanosomes/field; D: 21-30 trypanosomes/field; E: 31-40 trypanosomes/field; F: 41-50 trypanosomes/field; G: more then 51. Blood samples were taken when the animals reached the correspondent group number of parasites. Hemogram and iron levels were evaluated and a bone marrow cytology was performed to detect the myeloid:erythroid ratio. Statistical analysis showed a significant reduction on red blood cells count and hematocrit from group E on and also hemoglobin on groups F and G. The myeloid:erythroid ratio reduced from 0.7 to 0.6 on groups F and G (P<0.005). Iron levels alterations were not detected. These data showed that Wistar rats with parasitemia higher then 31 parasites per field have an acute anemia associated to a compensatory hematopoietic activity