Impacts of implementing a reference center in special nutritional formulae

Introdução: Em 2005, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, foi criado o Centro de Referência para Assessoria em Fórmulas Nutricionais Especiais (CR), com a finalidade de avaliar tecnicamente as solicitações de fórmulas nutricionais especiais (FNE), pelos usuários do SUS, à Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar características de solicitações e usuários e estimar custos em dois períodos pós-implantação do CR no Estado do RS. Métodos: A unidade de pesquisa foi cada solicitação de FNE. Os grupos de comparação foram constituídos por todas as solicitações avaliadas no primeiro (período 1 / n = 1077) e terceiro (período 2 / n = 944) anos de funcionamento do CR. Resultados: Houve aumento da proporção de solicitações judiciais (p<0,001), melhora do preenchimento das requisições (p<0,001) e do percentual de aprovações aos pedidos de FNE (p<0,001), para mais usuários (p=0,004). Aumentaram as solicitações para desnutridos (p=0,002) e idosos (p<0,001) e reduziram as duplicidades de solicitações no período (p<0,001). O custo estimado por usuário diminuiu de US$8,742 para US$ 6,297. Conclusões: A implantação do CR contribuiu para aprimorar o processo de solicitação e análise de pedidos de FNE, repercutindo em mais avaliações favoráveis ao fornecimento de fórmulas, para mais usuários, a menores custos.Introduction: In 2005, the Center of Reference (CR) for Consultancy in Nutritional Special Formulas was created in the State of Rio Grande do Sul in order to technically evaluate the requests for special nutritional formulas (SNF) made by SUS users to the State Department of Health. The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics of applications and users and to estimate costs in both periods after implementation of the CR in the state of RS. Methods: The research unit was each requested SNF. The comparison groups were composed of all requests evaluated in the first (period 1 / n = 1077) and third (period 2 / n = 944) years of the CR. Results: Increased proportion of court orders (p<0.001), improvement of the fulfillment of orders (p<0.001) and of the percentage of approvals of applications for SNF (p<0.001) for more users (p=0.004). There were increased requests for malnourished (p = 0.002) and elderly (p<0.001) and decreased duplications of requests in the period (p<0.001). The estimated cost per user declined from US$8,742 to US$ 6,297. Conclusions: The implementation of this CR has helped to improve the process to request and review applications for SNF, reflecting more favorable ratings in the supply of formulas, to more users and at lower costs

Early detection of SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant in Southern Brazil and reinfection of the same patient by P.2

Multiple variants of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) have been constantly reported across the world. The B.1.1.28 lineage has been evolving in Brazil since February 2020 and originated the P.1 variant of concern (VOC), recently named as the Gamma variant by the newly WHO nomenclature proposal, and P.2 as a variant of interest (VOI). Here we describe an early case of P.1 primary infection in Southern Brazil in late November 2020, soon after the emergence of the variant in Manaus, Northern Brazil. The same male patient was reinfected by another B.1.1.28 variant, namely P.2, in March, 2021. The genomic analysis confirmed genetically significant differences between the two viruses recovered in both infections, the P.1 lineage in the first episode and P.2 in the reinfection. Due the very early detection of P.1, we have also investigated the circulation of P.1 in the same region by differential RT-qPCR, showing that this was an isolated case of P.1 at the time of detection, and this variant has disseminated and became prominent from late January to the end of March, 2021. SARS-CoV-2 recent reports of reinfection have raised critical questions on whether and how well a first infection protects against reinfection

HERV-W/MRSV envelope transcripts detection\ud in blood of multiple sclerosis patients after\ud Natalizumab treatment

FAPESP 2010/10619-

Measurements of the Correlation Function of a Microwave Frequency Single Photon Source

At optical frequencies the radiation produced by a source, such as a laser, a black body or a single photon source, is frequently characterized by analyzing the temporal correlations of emitted photons using single photon counters. At microwave frequencies, however, there are no efficient single photon counters yet. Instead, well developed linear amplifiers allow for efficient measurement of the amplitude of an electromagnetic field. Here, we demonstrate how the properties of a microwave single photon source can be characterized using correlation measurements of the emitted radiation with such detectors. We also demonstrate the cooling of a thermal field stored in a cavity, an effect which we detect using a cross-correlation measurement of the radiation emitted at the two ends of the cavity.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Absolute income is a better predictor of coverage by skilled birth attendance than relative wealth quintiles in a multicountry analysis: comparison of 100 low- and middle-income countries

Background: Having high-quality data available by 2020, disaggregated by income, is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SGD). We explored how well coverage with skilled birth attendance (SBA) is predicted by asset-based wealth quintiles and by absolute income. Methods: We used data from 293 national surveys conducted in 100 low and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 1991 to 2014. Data on household income were computed using national income levels and income inequality data available from the World Bank and the Standardized World Income Inequality Database. Multivariate regression was used to explore the predictive capacity of absolute income compared to the traditional measure of quintiles of wealth index. Results: The mean SBA coverage was 68.9% (SD: 24.2), compared to 64.7% (SD: 26.6) for institutional delivery coverage. Median daily family income in the same period was US$ 6.4 (IQR: 3.5–14.0). In cross-country analyses, log absolute income predicts 51.5% of the variability in SBA coverage compared to 22.0% predicted by the wealth index. For within-country analysis, use of absolute income improved the understanding of the gap in SBA coverage among the richest and poorest families. Information on income allowed identification of countries – such as Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Egypt, Nepal and Rwanda – which were well above what would be expected solely from changes in income. Conclusion: Absolute income is a better predictor of SBA and institutional delivery coverage than the relative measure of quintiles of wealth index and may help identify countries where increased coverage is likely due to interventions other than increased income. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12884-018-1734-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Observation of Resonant Photon Blockade at Microwave Frequencies using Correlation Function Measurements

Creating a train of single photons and monitoring its propagation and interaction is challenging in most physical systems, as photons generally interact very weakly with other systems. However, when confining microwave frequency photons in a transmission line resonator, effective photon-photon interactions can be mediated by qubits embedded in the resonator. Here, we observe the phenomenon of photon blockade through second-order correlation function measurements. The experiments clearly demonstrate antibunching in a continuously pumped source of single microwave photons measured using microwave beam splitters, linear amplifiers, and quadrature amplitude detectors. We also investigate resonance fluorescence and Rayleigh scattering in Mollow-triplet-like spectra

Motor system hyperconnectivity in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: a cognitive functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy is the most frequent idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndrome. It is characterized by predominant myoclonic jerks of upper limbs, often provoked by cognitive activities, and typically responsive to treatment with sodium valproate. Neurophysiological, neuropsychological and imaging studies in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy have consistently pointed towards subtle abnormalities in the medial frontal lobes. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging with an executive frontal lobe paradigm, we investigated cortical activation patterns and interaction between cortical regions in 30 patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and 26 healthy controls. With increasing cognitive demand, patients showed increasing coactivation of the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area. This effect was stronger in patients still suffering from seizures, and was not seen in healthy controls. Patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy showed increased functional connectivity between the motor system and frontoparietal cognitive networks. Furthermore, we found impaired deactivation of the default mode network during cognitive tasks with persistent activation in medial frontal and central regions in patients. Coactivation in the motor cortex and supplementary motor area with increasing cognitive load and increased functional coupling between the motor system and cognitive networks provide an explanation how cognitive effort can cause myoclonic jerks in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. The supplementary motor area represents the anatomical link between these two functional systems, and our findings may be the functional correlate of previously described structural abnormalities in the medial frontal lobe in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy