Milk production in saanen goats treated with repeated low doses of intermediate-release insulin during early lactation

The effect of insulin administration on the productive responses of Saanen goats during early lactation was investigated. Ten of 20 adult females were subjected to subcutaneous administration of intermediate-acting insulin (0.14UI/kg body weight) at 2, 9, and 14 days postpartum. Milk yield was measured twice daily for 13 weeks and milk samples were collected to measure protein and fat contents. Plasma levels of progesterone, insulin, non-esterifies fatty acids, glucose and other metabolites were measured. Results showed a significantly increased effect of insulin treatment on the content of milk fat and protein; moreover, milk production in the first and second postpartum weeks were higher than control group. The peak of lactation in the insulin group was achieved one week earlier in comparison to the control group. In addition, the milk production rate showed lower persistency (milk yield 13 week/milk yield at peak) in the same group. During the first four weeks of postpartum, treated animals showed greater weight loss and higher non-esterified fatty acid concentration, whereas no effect was observed on the concentration of progesterone and other metabolites. The above results indicated that repeated administration of insulin in dairy goats during early lactation increase yield and qualitative components of milk, but has substantial consequences on animal productive rate and metabolic response

Oxidative Stress And Changes In The Content And Pattern Of Tissue Expression Of β-catenin Protein In Diversion Colitis

Objective: The aim of this study is to verify if oxidative stress is related to changes in content and pattern of β-catenin protein expression in an experimental model of diversion colitis. Methods: Sixty Wistar rats were submitted to intestinal bypass. The animals were divided into three groups according to the sacrifice to take place in six, 12 and 18 weeks. For each group, five animals only underwent laparotomy (control). The presence of colitis was diagnosed by histological study, and its severity, by inflammation grading scale. Cellular oxidative stress was measured by comet assay. Tissue expression of β-catenin protein was analyzed by the immunohistochemistry and quantification of its tissue content by computerized morphometry. Statistical analysis was performed with the Student's t-test, median, Mann-Whitney, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis, adopting a significance level of 5% (p <0.05). Results: Colon segments without fecal stream developed colitis, which worsened with time of exclusion. Segments without fecal stream suffer higher levels of oxidative stress when compared to those with stream, and it worsens with time of exclusion. The levels of cellular oxidative stress are directly related to the degree of inflammation. The total content of β-catenin in segments without fecal stream reduces after six weeks, and does not vary thereafter. The content of β-catenin in the apical portion of the colon crypts decreases with time, whereas in the basal region, it increases. The total content of β-catenin is inversely related to the degree of inflammation and levels of tissue oxidative stress levels. Conclusion: There are changes in tissue content of E-cadherin and increased expression of β-catenin in proliferative regions of colonic crypts, related with oxidative tissue stress.324343358Pravda, J., Radical induction theory of ulcerative colitis (2005) World J Gastroenterol, 11 (16), pp. 2371-2384Gaudier, E., Hoebler, C., Physiological role of mucins in the colonic barrier integrity (2006) Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 30 (8-9), pp. 965-974Laukoetter, M.G., Nava, P., Nusrat, A., Role of the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease (2008) World J Gastroenterol, 14 (3), pp. 401-407Berkes, J., Viswananthan, V.K., Savkovic, S.D., Hecht, G., Intestinal epithelial responses to enteric pathogens: Effects on the tight junction barrier, iron transport, and inflammation (2003) Gut, 52 (3), pp. 439-451Clayburgh, D.R., Shen, L., Turner, J.R., A porous defense: The leaky epithelial barrier in intestinal disease (2004) Lab Invest, 84 (3), pp. 282-291Usami, Y., Chiba, H., Nakayama, F., Ueda, J., Matsuda, Y., Sawada, N., Reduced expression of claudin-7 correlates with invasion and metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (2006) Hum Pathol, 37 (5), pp. 569-577Gumbiner, B., Stevenson, B., Grimaldi, A., The role of the cell adhesion molecule uvomorulin in the formation and maintenance of the epithelial junctional complex (1988) J Cell Biol, 107 (4), pp. 1575-1587Gumbiner, B.M., McCrea, P.D., Catenins as mediators of the cytoplasmic functions of cadherins (1993) J Cell Sci Suppl, 17, pp. 155-158Yeager, M., Unger, V.M., Falk, M.M., Synthesis, assembly and structure of gap junction intercellular channels (1998) Curr Opin Struct Biol, 8 (6), pp. 810-811Hynes, R.O., Zhao, Q., The evolution of cell adhesion (2000) J Cell Biol, 150 (2), pp. F89-F96Kypta, R., Bernfield, M., Burridge, K., Geiger, B., Goodenough, D., Humphries, M., Hynes, R., Yurchenco, P., Junções celulares, adesão celular e matriz extracelular (2006) Biologia Molecular Da Célula, pp. 1065-1125. , In: Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. (eds.), Porto Alegre: ARTMEDDemetter, P., de Vos, M., van Damme, N., Baeten, D., Elewaut, D., Vermeulen, S., Focal up-regulation of E-cadherin catenin complex in inflamed bowel mucosa but reduced expression in ulcer-associated cell lineage (2000) Am J Clin Pathol, 114 (3), pp. 364-370Aust, D.E., Terdiman, J.P., Willenbucher, R.F., Chew, K., Ferrell, L., Florendo, C., Altered distribution of β-catenin, and its binding proteins E-cadherin and APC, in ulcerative colitisrelated colorectal cancers (2001) Mod Pathol, 14 (1), pp. 29-39Kucharzik, T., Walsh, S.V., Chen, J., Parkos, C.A., Nusrat, A., Neutrophil transmigration in inflammatory bowel disease is associated with differential expression of epithelial intercellular junction proteins (2001) Am J Pathol, 159 (6), pp. 2001-2009Laukoetter, M.G., Nava, P., Nusrat, A., Role of the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease (2008) World J Gastroenterol, 14 (3), pp. 401-407Gassler, N., Rohr, C., Schneider, A., Kartenbeck, J., Bach, A., Obermüller, N., Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with changes of enterocytic junctions (2001) Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 281 (1), pp. G216-G228Ozawa, M., Ringwald, M., Kemler, R., Uvomorulin-catenin complex formation is regulated by a specific domain in the cytoplasmic region of the cell adhesion molecule (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 87 (11), pp. 4246-4250Schmitz, H., Barmeyer, C., Fromm, M., Runkel, N., Foss, H.D., Bentzel, C.J., Altered tight junction structure contributes to the impaired epithelial barrier function in ulcerative colitis (1999) Gastroenterology, 116 (2), pp. 301-309Takahashi, M., Fukuda, K., Sugimura, T., Wakabayashi, K., Beta-catenin is frequently mutated and demonstrates altered cellular localization in azoxymethane-induced rat colon tumors (1998) Cancer Res, 58 (1), pp. 42-46Parrish, A.R., Catania, J.M., Orozco, J., Gandolfi, A.J., Chemically induced oxidative stress disrupts the E-cadherin/catenin cell adhesion complex (1999) Toxicol Sci, 51 (1), pp. 80-86Meyer, T.N., Schwesinger, C., Ye, J., Denker, B.M., Nigam, S.K., Reassembly of the tight junction after oxidative stress depends on tyrosine kinase activity (2001) J Biol Chem, 276 (25), pp. 22048-22055Dorudi, S., Sheffield, J.P., Poulsom, R., Northover, J.M., Hart, I.R., E-cadherin expression in colorectal cancer. An immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization study (1998) Am J Pathol, 142 (4), pp. 981-986Chen, J., Huang, X.F., The signal pathways in azoxymethane induced colon cancer and preventive implications (2009) Cancer Biol Ther, 8 (14), pp. 1313-1317Jankowski, J.A., Bedford, F.K., Boulton, R.A., Cruickshank, N., Hall, C., Elder, J., Alterations in classical cadherins associated with progression in ulcerative and Crohn's colitis (1998) Lab Invest, 78 (9), pp. 1155-1167Hermiston, M.L., Gordon, J.I., Inflammatory bowel disease and adenomas in mice expressing a dominant negative N-cadherin (1995) Science, 270 (5239), pp. 1203-1207Karayiannakis, A.J., Syrigos, K.N., Efstathiou, J., Valizadeh, A., Noda, M., Playford, R.J., Expression of catenins and E-cadherin during epithelial restitution in inflammatory bowel disease (1998) J Pathol, 185 (4), pp. 413-418Nollet, F., Berx, G., van Roy, F., The role of the E-cadherin/ catenin adhesion complex in the development and progression of cancer (1999) Mol Cell Biol Res Commun, 2 (2), pp. 77-85Sheehan, J.F., Brynjolfsson, G., Ulcerative colitis following hydrogen peroxide enema: Case report and experimental production with transient emphysema of colonic wall and gas embolism (1960) Lab Invest, 9, pp. 150-168Marques, L.H.S., Silva, C.M.G., Lameiro, T.M.M., Almeida, M.G., Cunha, F.L., Pereira, J.A., Avaliação dos níveis de peroxidação lipídica em células da mucosa cólica após aplicação de enemas com peróxido de hidrogênio: Estudo experimental em ratos (2010) Rev Bras Colo-proctol, 30 (3), pp. 272-280Martinez, C.A., Ribeiro, M.L., Gambero, A., Miranda, D.D., Pereira, J.A., Nadal, S.R., The importance of oxygen free radicals in the etiopathogenesis of diversion colitis in rats (2010) Acta Cir Bras, 25 (5), pp. 387-395Longatti, T.S., Acedo, S.C., de Oliveira, C.C., Miranda, D.D., Priolli, D.G., Ribeiro, M.L., Inflammatory alterations in excluded colon in rats: A comparison with chemically induced colitis (2010) Scand J Gastroenterol, 45 (3), pp. 315-324Damiani, C.R., Benetton, C.A., Stoffel, C., Bardini, K.C., Cardoso, V.H., Di Giunta, G., Oxidative stress and metabolism in animal model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (2007) J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 22 (11), pp. 1846-1851Liu, Q., Shimoyama, T., Suzuki, K., Umeda, T., Nakaji, S., Sugawara, K., Effect of sodium butyrate on reactive oxygen species generation by human neutrophils (2001) Scand J Gastroenterol, 36 (7), pp. 744-750Glotzer, D.J., Glick, M.E., Goldman, H., Proctitis and colitis following diversion of the fecal stream (1981) Gastroenterology, 80 (3), pp. 438-441Agarwal, V.P., Schimmel, E.M., Diversion colitis: A nutritional deficiency syndrome? (1989) Nutr Rev, 47 (9), pp. 257-261Butzner, J.D., Parmar, R., Bell, C.J., Dalal, V., Butyrate enema therapy stimulates mucosal repair in experimental colitis in the rat (1996) Gut, 38 (4), pp. 568-573Nonose, R., Spadari, A.P., Priolli, D.G., Máximo, F.R., Pereira, J.A., Martinez, C.A., Tissue quantification of neutral and acid mucins in the mucosa of the colon with and without fecal stream in rats (2009) Acta Cir Bras, 24 (4), pp. 267-275Martinez, C.A., Nonose, R., Spadari, A.P., Máximo, F.R., Priolli, D.G., Pereira, J.A., Quantification by computerized morphometry of tissue levels of sulfomucins and sialomucins in diversion colitis in rats (2010) Acta Cir Bras, 25 (3), pp. 231-240Sousa, M.V., Priolli, D.G., Portes, A.V., Cardinalli, I.A., Pereira, J.A., Martinez, C.A., Evaluation by computerized morphometry of histopathological alterations of the colon wall in segments with and without intestinal transit in rats (2008) Acta Cir Bras, 23 (5), pp. 417-424Caltabiano, C., Máximo, F.R., Spadari, A.P., Miranda, D.D.C., Serra, M.M., Ribeiro, M.L., 5-aminosalicylic (5-ASA) can reduce the levels of oxidative DNA damage in cells of colonic mucosa with and without fecal stream (2011) Dig Dis Sci, 56 (4), pp. 1037-1046Gupta, R.B., Harpaz, N., Itzkowitz, S., Hossain, S., Matula, S., Kornbluth, A., Histologic inflammation is a risk factor for progression to colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis: A cohort study (2007) Gastroenterology, 133 (4), pp. 1099-1105Ribeiro, M.L., Priolli, D.G., Miranda, D.D., Arçari, D.P., Pedrazzoli Jr., J., Martinez, C.A., Analysis of oxidative DNA damage in patients with colorectal cancer (2008) Clin Colorectal Cancer, 7 (4), pp. 267-272Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, S.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., Darnell, J., A integração das células nos tecidos (2004) Biologia Celular E Molecular, pp. 968-1002. , In: Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J. (eds.), Rio de Janeiro: RevinterDuband, J.L., Thiery, J.P., Spatio-temporal distribution of the adherens junction-associated molecules vinculin and talin in early avian embryo (1990) Cell Differ Dev, 30 (1), pp. 55-76Rao, R.K., Basuroy, S., Rao, V.U., Karnaky, K.J., Gupta, A., Tyrosine phosphorylation and dissociation of occludin-ZO-1 and E-cadherin-b-catenin complexes from the cytoskeleton by oxidative stress (2002) Biochem J, 368 (PART. 2), pp. 471-481Schmehl, K., Florian, S., Jacobasch, G., Salomon, A., Körber, J., Deficiency of epithelial basement membrane laminin in ulcerative colitis affected human colonic mucosa (2000) Int J Colorectal Dis, 15 (1), pp. 39-48Cooper, H.S., Murthy, S., Kido, K., Yoshitake, H., Flanigan, A., Dysplasia and cancer in the dextran sulfate sodium mouse colitis model. Relevance to colitis-associated neoplasia in the human: A study of histopathology, B-catenin and p53 expression and the role of inflammation (2000) Carcinogenesis, 21 (4), pp. 757-768Fodde, R., Tomlinson, I., Nuclear beta-catenin expression and Wnt signalling: In defence of the dogma (2010) J Pathol, 221 (3), pp. 239-241Baskol, M., Baskol, G., Koçer, D., Ozbakir, O., Yucesoy, M., Advanced oxidation protein products: A novel marker of oxidative stress in ulcerative colitis (2008) J Clin Gastroenterol, 42 (6), pp. 687-691Glei, M., Hovhannisyan, G., Pool-Zobel, B.L., Use of Comet-fish in the study of DNA damage and repair: Review (2009) Mutat Res, 681 (1), pp. 33-4

Evaluation Of The Expression Of The Mgmt Gene In Normal And Neoplastic Tissue Of Patients With Colorectal Cancer [avaliação Da Expressão Do Gene Mgmt Nos Tecidos Normal E Neoplásico De Doentes Com Câncer Colorretal]

Objective: To evaluate the expression of tissue repair gene MGMT by comparing normal and neoplastic colonic mucosa in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: We studied 44 patients with colorectal cancer confirmed by histopathology. We excluded patients suspected of belonging to families with hereditary colorectal cancer (HNPCC and FAP) and patients with cancer of the lower or medium rectum treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The MGMT gene expression was assessed by the technique of polymerase chain reaction in real time (RT-PCR). The comparison of results for MGMT gene expression between normal and neoplastic tissues was made by paired Student's t test, adopting a significance level of 5% (p A:T transitions (2005) Gut, 54 (6), pp. 797-802Zaidi, N.H., Pretlow, T.P., O'Riordan, M.A., Dumenco, L.L., Allay, E., Gerson, S.L., Transgenic expression of human MGMT protects against azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci and G to A mutations in the K-ras oncogene of mouse colon (1995) Carcinogenesis., 16 (3), pp. 451-456Qian, X.C., Brent, T.P., Methylation hot spots in the 5' flanking region denote silencing of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene (1997) Cancer Res., 57 (17), pp. 3672-3677Esteller, M., Risques, R.A., Toyota, M., Capella, G., Moreno, V., Peinado, M.A., Promoter hypermethylation of the DNA repair gene O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase is associated with the presence of G:C to A:T transition mutations in p53 in human colorectal tumorigenisis (2001) Cancer Res., 61 (12), pp. 4689-4692Esteller, M., Toyota, M., Sanchez-Cespedes, M., Capella, G., Peinado, M.A., Watkins, D.N., Inactivation of the DNA repair gene O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase by promoter hypermethylation is associated with G to A mutations in K-ras in colorectal tumorigenisis (2000) Cancer Res., 60 (9), pp. 2368-2371Qi, J., Zhu, Y.Q., Huang, M.F., Yang, D., Hypermethylation of CpG island in O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene was associated with K-ras G to A mutation in colorectal tumor (2005) World J Gastroenterol, 11 (13), pp. 2022-2025Martinez, C.A.R., Priolli, D.G., Cardinalli, I.A., Pereira, J.A., Portes, A.V., Margarido, N.F., Influência da localização do tumor na expressão tecidual da proteína p53 em doentes com câncer colorretal: Estudo de 100 casos (2008) Rev Col Bras Cir., 35 (4), pp. 235-243Sanchez de Abajo, A., de la Hoya, M., van Puijenbroek, M., Godino, J., Díaz-Rubio, E., Morreau, H., Dual role of LOH at MMR loci in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer? (2006) Oncogene., 25 (14), pp. 2124-2130Martinez, C.A.R., Cordeiro, A.T., Priolli, D.G., Miranda, D.D.C., Bartchewsky Júnior, W., Margarido, N.F., Avaliação da expressão tecidual do gene de reparo MLH1 e dos níveis de dano oxidativo ao DNA em doentes com câncer colorretal (2009) Rev bras colo-proctol., 29 (3), pp. 303-313Park, J.H., Kim, N.S., Park, J.Y., Chae, Y.S., Kim, J.G., Sohn, S.K., MGMT-535G>T polymorphism is associated with prognosis for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (2010) J Cancer Res Clin Oncol., 136 (8), pp. 1135-114

Cytotoxicity Of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles And Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Containing The Local Anesthetic Dibucaine Designed For Topical Application

Dibucaine (DBC) is powerful long-lasting local anesthetic, but it is also considered fairly toxic to the CNS. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have attracted attention as carriers for drug delivery. The aim of this study was to develop and to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of DBC-loaded SLN and NLC against 3T3 fibroblast and HaCat keratinocyte cells. The SLN and NLC had myristyl myristate and Liponate®GC as their lipid matrices, respectively, plus a surfactant. SLN and NLC were characterized in terms in their diameter, size distribution, surface charge and DBC encapsulation efficiency. The particle size of SLN and NLC were around 234.33 and 166.62 nm, respectively. The polydispersity index was kept below 0.2 for both nanomaterials. Negative surface charges were observed for both nanoparticles, which decreased in the presence of the anesthetic. Encapsulation efficiency reached 76% and 90%, respectively, in SLN and NLC. DBC alone was found to be toxic to 3T3 and HaCat cells in culture. However, NLC and SLN loaded DBC decreased its intrinsic cytotoxic effect against 3T3 and HaCat cells. In conclusion, encapsulation of DBC in SLN and NLC decreased the in vitro toxicity of the local anesthetic, indicating the potential of these nanocarriers for clinical applications. © IOP Publishing Ltd 2013.4291De Jong, R.H., (1994) Local AnestheticsMalamed, S.F., (2004) Handbook of Local AnaesthesiaKatzung, B.G., Masters, S., Trevor, A., (2009) Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, p. 1232Butterworth, J.F.T., Strichartz, G.R., (1990) Anesthesiology, 72 (4), p. 711. , 10.1097/00000542-199004000-00022 0003-3022Gupta, S.P., (1991) Chem Rev, 91 (6), p. 1109. , 10.1021/cr00006a001 0009-2665De Paula, E., Schreier, S., (1995) Biochim.Biophys.Acta, 1240 (1), p. 25. , 10.1016/0005-2736(95)00155-6 0005-2736Lorite, G.S., Nobre, T.M., Zaniquelli, M.E., De Paula, E., Cotta, M.A., (2009) Biophys. 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Removal Of Glyphosate Herbicide From Water Using Biopolymer Membranes

Enormous amounts of pesticides are manufactured and used worldwide, some of which reach soils and aquatic systems. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that is effective against all types of weeds and has been used for many years. It can therefore be found as a contaminant in water, and procedures are required for its removal. This work investigates the use of biopolymeric membranes prepared with chitosan (CS), alginate (AG), and a chitosan/alginate combination (CS/AG) for the adsorption of glyphosate present in water samples. The adsorption of glyphosate by the different membranes was investigated using the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models, as well as the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The membranes were characterized regarding membrane solubility, swelling, mechanical, chemical and morphological properties. The results of kinetics experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 4h and that the CS membrane presented the best adsorption (10.88mg of glyphosate/g of membrane), followed by the CS/AG bilayer (8.70mg of glyphosate/g of membrane). The AG membrane did not show any adsorption capacity for this herbicide. The pseudo-second order model provided good fits to the glyphosate adsorption data on CS and CS/AG membranes, with high correlation coefficient values. Glyphosate adsorption by the membranes could be fitted by the Freundlich isotherm model. There was a high affinity between glyphosate and the CS membrane and moderate affinity in the case of the CS/AG membrane. Physico-chemical characterization of the membranes showed low values of solubility in water, indicating that the membranes are stable and not soluble in water. The SEM and AFM analysis showed evidence of the presence of glyphosate on CS membranes and on chitosan face on CS/AG membranes. 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Epilepsy-induced electrocardiographic alterations following cardiac ischemia and reperfusion in rats

The present study evaluated electrocardiographic alterations in rats with epilepsy submitted to an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model induced by cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: control (n=12) and epilepsy (n=14). It was found that rats with epilepsy presented a significant reduction in atrioventricular block incidence following the ischemia and reperfusion procedure. In addition, significant alterations were observed in electrocardiogram intervals during the stabilization, ischemia, and reperfusion periods of rats with epilepsy compared to control rats. It was noted that rats with epilepsy presented a significant increase in the QRS interval during the stabilization period in relation to control rats (P<0.01). During the ischemia period, there was an increase in the QRS interval (P<0.05) and a reduction in the P wave and QT intervals (P<0.05 for both) in rats with epilepsy compared to control rats. During the reperfusion period, a significant reduction in the QT interval (P<0.01) was verified in the epilepsy group in relation to the control group. Our results indicate that rats submitted to an epilepsy model induced by pilocarpine presented electrical conductivity alterations of cardiac tissue, mainly during an AMI episode