Epidemiology and Management of South American Leaf Blight on Rubber in Brazil

The rubber tree (Hevea spp.) is one of the main forest crops in tropical regions due commercialization of natural rubber. Brazil currently imports most rubber that is consumed. According to the International Rubber Study Group, for an annual consumption of 350,000 tons in Brazil, 135,000 tons were produced, whereas 215,000 tons were imported. This failure of rubber cultivation in Brazil is primarily due to South American leaf blight (SALB), a disease caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn. v. Arx.). The fungus is present in all Brazilian rubber-producing regions and attacks young leaflets, causing abscission and, ultimately, death of the tree. This disease occurs in almost all areas of rubber tree plantations in Central and South America. Strategies used to manage SALB are based on the use of fungicides in nurseries and young plantations and the use of resistant clones; on phenological aspects, taking into account the leaf shedding patterns of adult rubber trees, which in certain environments provide defense in addition to resistance; and on climatic factors that are favorable or unfavorable to epidemic development. The aim of this chapter was to describe all aspects related to the epidemiology and management of leaf blight in Brazil

Efeito do tratamento químico na sanidade de sementes de espécies florestais

This study evaluated the effect of different fungicide and sodium hypochlorite treatments in reducing the incidence of fungi on seeds of native species of the Atlantic rainforest. The experiment was done using the completely randomized design in a 5x5 factorial with five levels of factor A (forest species) and five levels of factor B (chemical treatment and surface disinfection with sodium hypochlorite) with four replications. The fungal genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified. The species ‘Jacarandá-da-Bahia’ and ‘Ipê-roxo’ had lower fungal incidence, 1.0% and 1.3%, respectively. Except for ‘Angico Vermelho’, the fungicide pencycurom and sodium hypochlorite were not significantly different from the control in the species evaluated. Seed treatment with fungicides ‘Captan’ and ‘Tiram’ yielded satisfactory results in reducing the incidence of fungal contamination in forest species seeds.  O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos com fungicidas e hipoclorito de sódio na redução da incidência de fungos em sementes de espécies florestais nativas da Mata Atlântica. O experimento foi conduzido empregando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 5x5, com cinco níveis do fator A (espécies florestais) e cinco níveis do fator B (tratamento químico e desinfestação superficial com hipoclorito de sódio), com quatro repetições. Foram identificados os gêneros fúngicos Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus e Penicillium. As espécies de jacarandá-da-Bahia e ipê-roxo apresentaram menor incidência fúngica com 1% e 1,3%, respectivamente. Exceto para a espécie de angico-vermelho, o fungicida Pencicurom e o hipoclorito de sódio não deferiram estatisticamente da testemunha nas espécies avaliadas. Os tratamentos de sementes com os fungicidas Captan e Tiram proporcionaram resultados satisfatórios quanto à redução da incidência fúngica em sementes de espécies florestais

Effect of chemical control on the sanity of forest species seeds

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos com fungicidas e hipoclorito de s\uf3dio na redu\ue7\ue3o da incid\ueancia de fungos em sementes de esp\ue9cies florestais nativas da Mata Atl\ue2ntica. O experimento foi conduzido empregando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 5x5, com cinco n\uedveis do fator A (esp\ue9cies florestais) e cinco n\uedveis do fator B (tratamento qu\uedmico e desinfesta\ue7\ue3o superficial com hipoclorito de s\uf3dio), com quatro repeti\ue7\uf5es. Foram identificados os g\ueaneros f\ufangicos Fusarium , Alternaria , Aspergillus e Penicillium . As esp\ue9cies de jacarand\ue1-da-Bahia e ip\uea-roxo apresentaram menor incid\ueancia f\ufangica com 1% e 1,3%, respectivamente. Exceto para a esp\ue9cie de angico-vermelho, o fungicida Pencicurom e o hipoclorito de s\uf3dio n\ue3o deferiram estatisticamente da testemunha nas esp\ue9cies avaliadas. Os tratamentos de sementes com os fungicidas Captan e Tiram proporcionaram resultados satisfat\uf3rios quanto \ue0 redu\ue7\ue3o da incid\ueancia f\ufangica em sementes de esp\ue9cies florestais.This study evaluated the effect of different fungicide and sodium hypochlorite treatments in reducing the incidence of fungi on seeds of native species of the Atlantic rainforest. The experiment was done using the completely randomized design in a 5x5 factorial with five levels of factor A (forest species) and five levels of factor B (chemical treatment and surface disinfection with sodium hypochlorite) with four replications. The fungal genera Fusarium , Alternaria , Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified. The species \u2018Jacarand\ue1-da-Bahia\u2019 and \u2018Ip\uea-roxo\u2019 had lower fungal incidence, 1.0% and 1.3%, respectively. Except for \u2018Angico Vermelho\u2019, the fungicide pencycurom and sodium hypochlorite were not significantly different from the control in the species evaluated. Seed treatment with fungicides \u2018Captan\u2019 and \u2018Tiram\u2019 yielded satisfactory results in reducing the incidence of fungal contamination in forest species seeds

Efeito do tratamento químico na sanidade de sementes de espécies florestais

This study evaluated the effect of different fungicide and sodium hypochlorite treatments in reducing the incidence of fungi on seeds of native species of the Atlantic rainforest. The experiment was done using the completely randomized design in a 5×5 factorial with five levels of factor A (forest species) and five levels of factor B (chemical treatment and surface disinfection with sodium hypochlorite) with four replications. The fungal genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified. The species 'Jacarandáda- Bahia' and 'Ipê-roxo' had lower fungal incidence, 1.0% and 1.3%, respectively. Except for 'Angico Vermelho', the fungicide pencycurom and sodium hypochlorite were not significantly different from the control in the species evaluated. Seed treatment with fungicides 'Captan' and 'Tiram' yielded satisfactory results in reducing the incidence of fungal contamination in forest species seeds

Effect of chemical control on the sanity of forest species seeds

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes tratamentos com fungicidas e hipoclorito de sódio na redução da incidência de fungos em sementes de espécies florestais nativas da Mata Atlântica. O experimento foi conduzido empregando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 5x5, com cinco níveis do fator A (espécies florestais) e cinco níveis do fator B (tratamento químico e desinfestação superficial com hipoclorito de sódio), com quatro repetições. Foram identificados os gêneros fúngicos Fusarium , Alternaria , Aspergillus e Penicillium . As espécies de jacarandá-da-Bahia e ipê-roxo apresentaram menor incidência fúngica com 1% e 1,3%, respectivamente. Exceto para a espécie de angico-vermelho, o fungicida Pencicurom e o hipoclorito de sódio não deferiram estatisticamente da testemunha nas espécies avaliadas. Os tratamentos de sementes com os fungicidas Captan e Tiram proporcionaram resultados satisfatórios quanto à redução da incidência fúngica em sementes de espécies florestais.This study evaluated the effect of different fungicide and sodium hypochlorite treatments in reducing the incidence of fungi on seeds of native species of the Atlantic rainforest. The experiment was done using the completely randomized design in a 5x5 factorial with five levels of factor A (forest species) and five levels of factor B (chemical treatment and surface disinfection with sodium hypochlorite) with four replications. The fungal genera Fusarium , Alternaria , Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified. The species ‘Jacarandá-da-Bahia’ and ‘Ipê-roxo’ had lower fungal incidence, 1.0% and 1.3%, respectively. Except for ‘Angico Vermelho’, the fungicide pencycurom and sodium hypochlorite were not significantly different from the control in the species evaluated. Seed treatment with fungicides ‘Captan’ and ‘Tiram’ yielded satisfactory results in reducing the incidence of fungal contamination in forest species seeds

Análise do risco de ocorrência da monilíase em cacaueiro no Brasil face às mudanças climáticas globais

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential risk of moniliasis occurrence and the impacts of climate change on this disease in the coming decades, should this pathogen be introduced in Brazil. To this end, climate favorability maps were devised for the occurrence of moniliasis, both for the present and future time. The future scenarios (A2 and B2) focused on the decades of 2020, 2050 and 2080. These scenarios were obtained from six global climate models (GCMs) made available by the third assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Currently, there are large areas with favorable climate conditions for moniliasis in Brazil, especially in regions at high risk of introduction of that pathogen. Considering the global warming scenarios provided by the IPCC, the potential risk of moniliasis occurrence in Brazil will be reduced. This decrease is predicted for both future scenarios, but will occur more sharply in scenario A2. However, there will still be areas with favorable climate conditions for the development of the disease, particularly in Brazil's main producing regions. Moreover, pathogen and host alike may undergo alterations due to climate change, which will affect the extent of their impacts on this pathosystem

Evasive Planning for the Management of Eucalyptus Rust Austropuccinia psidii for Espírito Santo State, Brazil

Eucalyptus is one of the most exploited forest genera on the planet. Eucalyptus has a variety of uses, mainly because of its great diversity and versatility. Brazil is among the main producers of cellulose, paper, and wood panels in the world. One of the factors limiting the production of Eucalyptus spp. is the occurrence of diseases such as rust caused by the fungus Austropuccinia psidii. This work aimed to map areas at risk of eucalyptus rust in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The study was carried out in two stages: (i) mapping the rust risk areas in the state through the Geographic Information System (GIS) and (ii) applying fuzzy standardization to the infection index to generate a risk index. It was found through GIS and fuzzy standardization that most of the areas surveyed presented medium to high risk of rust occurrence. Thus, it becomes necessary to adopt complementary management measures to control the disease, especially for the months of April to November. The methodology used in this study can be implemented for other diseases and forest species in other parts of the world

Evasive Planning for the Management of Eucalyptus Rust <i>Austropuccinia psidii</i> for Espírito Santo State, Brazil

Eucalyptus is one of the most exploited forest genera on the planet. Eucalyptus has a variety of uses, mainly because of its great diversity and versatility. Brazil is among the main producers of cellulose, paper, and wood panels in the world. One of the factors limiting the production of Eucalyptus spp. is the occurrence of diseases such as rust caused by the fungus Austropuccinia psidii. This work aimed to map areas at risk of eucalyptus rust in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The study was carried out in two stages: (i) mapping the rust risk areas in the state through the Geographic Information System (GIS) and (ii) applying fuzzy standardization to the infection index to generate a risk index. It was found through GIS and fuzzy standardization that most of the areas surveyed presented medium to high risk of rust occurrence. Thus, it becomes necessary to adopt complementary management measures to control the disease, especially for the months of April to November. The methodology used in this study can be implemented for other diseases and forest species in other parts of the world