Development of a method of robust rain gauge network optimization based on intensity-duration-frequency results

Based on rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves, fitted in several locations of a given area, a robust optimization approach is proposed to identify the best locations to install new rain gauges. The advantage of robust optimization is that the resulting design solutions yield networks which behave acceptably under hydrological variability. Robust optimization can overcome the problem of selecting representative rainfall events when building the optimization process. This paper reports an original approach based on Montana IDF model parameters. The latter are assumed to be geostatistical variables, and their spatial interdependence is taken into account through the adoption of cross-variograms in the kriging process. The problem of optimally locating a fixed number of new monitoring stations based on an existing rain gauge network is addressed. The objective function is based on the mean spatial kriging variance and rainfall variogram structure using a variance-reduction method. Hydrological variability was taken into account by considering and implementing several return periods to define the robust objective function. Variance minimization is performed using a simulated annealing algorithm. In addition, knowledge of the time horizon is needed for the computation of the robust objective function. A short- and a long-term horizon were studied, and optimal networks are identified for each. The method developed is applied to north Tunisia (area = 21 000 km2). Data inputs for the variogram analysis were IDF curves provided by the hydrological bureau and available for 14 tipping bucket type rain gauges. The recording period was from 1962 to 2001, depending on the station. The study concerns an imaginary network augmentation based on the network configuration in 1973, which is a very significant year in Tunisia because there was an exceptional regional flood event in March 1973. This network consisted of 13 stations and did not meet World Meteorological Organization (WMO) recommendations for the minimum spatial density. Therefore, it is proposed to augment it by 25, 50, 100 and 160% virtually, which is the rate that would meet WMO requirements. Results suggest that for a given augmentation robust networks remain stable overall for the two time horizons

Nível de adoção de boas práticas em sistemas de produção sob transição agroecológica no Sul de Mato Grosso do Sul.

bitstream/item/66257/1/31295.pdfOrganizado por: Alberto Feiden, Milton Parron Padovan, Adalgiza Inês Campolim, Aurélio Vinícius Borsato, Ivo de Sá Motta, João Batista Catto, Tércio Jacques Fehlauer

Metodologia para a Geração de Mosaicos Semicontrolados a partir de Imagens Orbitais Provenientes do Google Earth.

bitstream/item/125513/1/Comunicado-309.pd

A molecular line scan in the Hubble Deep Field North

We present a molecular line scan in the Hubble Deep Field North (HDF-N) that covers the entire 3mm window (79-115 GHz) using the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. Our CO redshift coverage spans z2. We reach a CO detection limit that is deep enough to detect essentially all z>1 CO lines reported in the literature so far. We have developed and applied different line searching algorithms, resulting in the discovery of 17 line candidates. We estimate that the rate of false positive line detections is ~2/17. We identify optical/NIR counterparts from the deep ancillary database of the HDF-N for seven of these candidates and investigate their available SEDs. Two secure CO detections in our scan are identified with star-forming galaxies at z=1.784 and at z=2.047. These galaxies have colors consistent with the `BzK' color selection and they show relatively bright CO emission compared with galaxies of similar dust continuum luminosity. We also detect two spectral lines in the submillimeter galaxy HDF850.1 at z=5.183. We consider an additional 9 line candidates as high quality. Our observations also provide a deep 3mm continuum map (1-sigma noise level = 8.6 μJy/beam). Via a stacking approach, we find that optical/MIR bright galaxies contribute only to <50% of the SFR density at 1<z<3, unless high dust temperatures are invoked. The present study represents a first, fundamental step towards an unbiased census of molecular gas in `normal' galaxies at high-z, a crucial goal of extragalactic astronomy in the ALMA era

Pengaruh Komposisi Daun Gamal (Gliricidia sepium Hbr.) dan Kotoran Sapi dengan Nutrisi Pisang terhadap Rasio C/N Kompos

It has been done a research on the effect of the composition of gliricidia sepium Hbr. And cow dung with banana nutrition on the composting process on the C/N ratio. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of the composition and the length of time required for fermentation. Composting was made with a variety of cow dung : gliricidia sepium Hbr. In a ratio of 1:9, 1:1, 3:2, 7:3, 9:1, and 2:3 in % by using 25% banana nutrition and 100% water from the total weight of the manure. On this research was found that the optimal time is on 14th day with characteristic&nbsp; of compost&nbsp; that was produced, equal with the the Indonesia National Standar (SNI Kompos 19-7030-2004). The conclusion is the compcsition of cow dung and Gliricidia sepium leaves did not significant affect to the C/N compost ratio

Tropicoporus drechsleri

Tropicoporus drechsleri is currently known from several sites in Argentina, in the Chaco and SelvaMisionera (Atlantic Forest), and one site in the western part of Santa Catarina State, Brazil, (also in the Atlantic Forest). It is a specific parasite of Cordia americana, and its distribution is expected to match that of its host, ranging between 20°-30° S latitude in South America, from the Atlantic Forest to the east up to the Andean mountains to the west, in the Chaco domain. It is also expected to be found in Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. There are an estimated 400-500 sites throughout its host´s distribution, each potentially containing 10-20 mature individuals. Total population size is estimated at 5,000 to 10,000 mature individuals distributed in one subpopulation. A population size reduction of 10-20% in 70 years (three generations based on the phenology of the host tree) is suspected due to past and ongoing loss of suitable habitat in the Atlantic Forest and Chaco. Tropicoporus drechsleri is classified as Vulnerable.Fil: Drechsler Santos, Elisandro Ricardo. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Kossmann, T.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Bittencourt, Felipe. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; BrasilFil: Salvador Montoya, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: da Cunha, K. M.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasi

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 regulates proliferation and biosynthetic processes in procyclic forms of Trypanosoma brucei

The pathogenic protozoan T. brucei alternates into distinct developmental stages in the mammalian and insect hosts. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways transduce extracellular stimuli into a range of cellular responses, which ultimately lead to the adaptation to the external environment. Here, we combined a loss of function approach with stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based mass spectrometry (MS) to investigate the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 5 (MKK5) in T. brucei. The silencing of MKK5 significantly decreased the proliferation of procyclic forms of T. brucei. To shed light on the molecular alterations associated with this phenotype, we measured the total proteome and phosphoproteome of cells silenced for MKK5. In the total proteome, we observed a general decrease in proteins related to ribosome and translation as well as down-regulation of several components of the fatty acids biosynthesis pathway. In addition, we observed alterations in the protein levels and phosphorylation of key metabolic enzymes, which point toward a suppression of the oxidative metabolism. Taken together, our findings show that the silencing of MKK5 alters cell growth, energy metabolism, protein and fatty acids biosynthesis in procyclic T. brucei

Changes in soil fertility and mineral nutrition of mango orchards in São Francisco Valley, Brazil.

This research aimed to analyse the soil fertility changes and macronutrient concentration in mango plantations in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. Samples of soil were collected at depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm, and leaves of mango trees during vegetative growth were collected from 11 areas with different cultivation time spans (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, and 26 years). Nearby areas under natural vegetation were sampled for reference. The chemical characteristics of soil evaluated were: pH; P, K, Ca, Mg; exchangeable Na and Al; H + Al; organic matter; sum of bases; base saturation; and total cation exchange capacity. The mango leaves were analysed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. The agricultural management practices adopted by the mango-producing companies promoted changes in soil fertility when compared with the reference areas. The concentrations of organic matter tended to increase in the crop areas. The organic matter caused increases in CEC and nutrient retention. High P values were observed in soils and plants owing to the excessive use of fertilizers. This may cause nutritional imbalance and contamination of water sources. The contents of N, P, K in the leaves of mango trees were nutritionally adequat