454 research outputs found

    Characteristics and risk factors for symptomatic Giardia lamblia infections in Germany

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    Background: In developed countries, giardiasis is considered a travel related disease. However, routine surveillance data from Germany indicate that >50% of infections were acquired indigenously. We studied the epidemiological characteristics of symptomatic Giardia infections acquired in Germany and abroad, and verified the proportion of cases acquired in Germany in order to investigate risk factors for sporadic autochthonous Giardia infections. Methods: We identified Giardia cases notified by 41 local health authorities between February 2007 and January 2008 and interviewed them on their clinical symptoms, underlying morbidities, travel abroad and potential risk factors for the disease. We conducted a case-control-study including laboratory-confirmed (microscopy or antigen-test) autochthonous Giardia cases with clinical manifestations (diarrhoea, cramps, bloating) and randomly selected controls from the local population registry matched by county of residence and age-group (0-5, 6-19, ≄20 years). Secondary cases, controls with diarrhoea and persons who had travelled outside Germany in the three weeks prior to disease onset (exposure period) were excluded. We calculated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using conditional logistic regression. Results: Of 273 interviewed cases, 131 (48%) had not travelled abroad during the defined exposure period. Of these 131, 85 (65%) were male, 68 (54%) were living in communities with >100,000 inhabitants and 107 (83%) were aged 20 years or older. We included 120 cases and 240 controls in the case-control study. Cases were more likely to be male (aOR 2.5 CI 1.4-4.4), immunocompromised (aOR 15.3 CI 1.8-127) and daily consumers of green salad (aOR 2.9 CI 1.2-7.2). Contact with animals (pets/farm animals) and exposure to surface water (swimming/water sports) were not associated with symptomatic disease. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of Giardia lamblia cases in Germany are indigenously acquired. Symptomatic cases are significantly more likely to be immunocompromised than control persons from the general population. Physicians should consider Giardia infections among patients with no recent history of travel abroad, particularly if they have immune deficiencies. Green salads may be an important vehicle of infection. Information campaigns highlighting this food-borne risk should emphasise the risk to persons with immune deficiencies

    Dynamical Disease: Identification, Temporal Aspects and Treatment Strategies for Human Illness

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    Dynamical diseases are characterized by sudden changes in the qualitative dynamics of physiological processes, leading to abnormal dynamics and disease. Thus, there is a natural matching between the mathematical field of nonlinear dynamics and medicine. This paper summarizes advances in the study of dynamical disease with emphasis on a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held in Mont Tremblant, Quebec, Canada in February 1994. We describe the international effort currently underway to identify dynamical diseases and to study these diseases from a perspective of nonlinear dynamics. Linear and nonlinear time series analysis combined with analysis of bifurcations in dynamics are being used to help understand mechanisms of pathological rhythms and offer the promise for better diagnostic and therapeutic techniques

    Hitzebedingte MortalitÀt in Deutschland 2022

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    In den Sommermonaten fĂŒhren hohe Außentemperaturen regelmĂ€ĂŸig zu deutlich erhöhten Sterberaten, insbesondere in Ă€lteren Altersgruppen. Die GrĂŒnde fĂŒr diese hitzebedingte MortalitĂ€t sind vielfĂ€ltig und reichen von TodesfĂ€llen durch Hitzeschlag bis hin zu komplexeren Konstellationen, etwa bei Menschen mit vorbestehenden Herz-Kreislauf- oder Lungenerkrankungen. Der Sommer 2022 war der viertwĂ€rmste seit Beginn der Wetteraufzeichnungen im Jahr 1881 und eine Analyse des MortalitĂ€tsverlaufs ĂŒber die Kalenderwochen 15 bis 36 ergibt eine hitzebedingte Übersterblichkeit von rund 4.500 SterbefĂ€llen. Im Sommer 2022 erhöhte sich erstmalig auch wĂ€hrend einer Hitzeperiode die Anzahl der durch COVID-19 verursachten SterbefĂ€lle. Es gab jedoch keine Hinweise auf einen möglicherweise verstĂ€rkenden Effekt hoher Außentemperaturen auf die COVID-19-MortalitĂ€t.Peer Reviewe

    Hitzebedingte MortalitÀt in Deutschland 2022

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    In den Sommermonaten fĂŒhren hohe Außentemperaturen regelmĂ€ĂŸig zu deutlich erhöhten Sterberaten, insbesondere in Ă€lteren Altersgruppen. Die GrĂŒnde fĂŒr diese hitzebedingte MortalitĂ€t sind vielfĂ€ltig und reichen von TodesfĂ€llen durch Hitzeschlag bis hin zu komplexeren Konstellationen, etwa bei Menschen mit vorbestehenden Herz-Kreislauf- oder Lungenerkrankungen. Der Sommer 2022 war der viertwĂ€rmste seit Beginn der Wetteraufzeichnungen im Jahr 1881 und eine Analyse des MortalitĂ€tsverlaufs ĂŒber die Kalenderwochen 15 bis 36 ergibt eine hitzebedingte Übersterblichkeit von rund 4.500 SterbefĂ€llen. Im Sommer 2022 erhöhte sich erstmalig auch wĂ€hrend einer Hitzeperiode die Anzahl der durch COVID-19 verursachten SterbefĂ€lle. Es gab jedoch keine Hinweise auf einen möglicherweise verstĂ€rkenden Effekt hoher Außentemperaturen auf die COVID-19-MortalitĂ€t.Peer Reviewe

    analyses from a cross-sectional online survey

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    Objectives Opportunities for men having sex with men (MSM) to meet each other have very much improved by new communication technologies. Meeting venue-based characteristics can impact how many partners are met and how much sexual risk is taken. We analysed the association between physical and virtual venues and the risk for bacterial sexually transmitted infections (bSTIs) among participants in an MSM online survey. Methods Data were collected during 2013/2014 with a survey targeting MSM living in Germany. The impact of the meeting place with the last non-steady anal sex partner on diagnosis with a bSTI in the previous year was analysed using bivariate and multivariate regression analysis, taking into account self-reported HIV status, serostatus communication, condom use, partner number, age and city size. Results The study sample consisted of 8878 respondents (7799 not diagnosed with HIV; 1079 diagnosed with HIV). Meeting partners online was most common (62% HIV−/51% HIV+), followed by sex venues (11% HIV−/25% HIV+); other venues were each reported by 2–6% of the respondents. Venue-dependent proportions reporting bSTIs in the recent year were 2–4 folds higher among men diagnosed with HIV. In multivariate analysis, HIV status was the strongest predictor for bSTIs (OR=5.0; 95% CI 2.8 to 8.7). Compared with meeting partners online, sex (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.5) and social venues (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.6) were associated with increased bSTI risk for men not diagnosed with HIV, but the risk when meeting partners by smartphone apps was only of borderline significance (OR 1.5; 95% CI 0.9 to 2.3). For men diagnosed with HIV, bSTI risk increased for sex venues (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.1), and was lower for non-gay/other venues (OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.5). Conclusions Venues are connected to social-behavioural facets of corresponding sexual encounters, and may be important arenas for differential HIV and STI education, treatment and prevention

    Serologische Untersuchung von Blutspenden auf Antikörper gegen SARS-CoV-2 (SeBluCo- Studie) – Blutspendedienste unterstĂŒtzen die PandemieĂŒberwachung

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    Blutspendeproben können die SARS-CoV-2-Serosurveillance unterstĂŒtzen, um Maßnahmen zur Infektionskontrolle anzupassen. In einer wiederholten Querschnittsstudie von April 2020 bis April 2021, September 2021 und April / Mai 2022 wurden aus 13 Blutspendeeinrichtungen 134.510 Proben in 28 Regionen auf Antikörper gegen SARS-CoV-2 getestet. Die SeroprĂ€valenz lag bis Dezember 2020 unter 2 % und stieg im April 2021 auf 18,1 %, im September 2021 auf 89,4 % und im April / Mai 2022 auf 100 %. Die Untererfassung lag in den ersten beiden Wellen der Pandemie zwischen 5,1 und 1,1 und blieb danach unter 2, was auf eine angemessene Teststrategie und ein funktionierendes Meldesystem in Deutschland hinweist.Blood donor samples can support SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance to adapt infection control measures. In a repeated cross-sectional study 134,510 specimens from 13 blood establishments in 28 study regions were tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from April 2020 to April 2021, September 2021, and April / May 2022. The SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence remained below 2 % until December 2020 and increased to 18.1 % in April 2021, 89.4 % in September 2021, and to 100 % in April / May 2022. Underreporting ranged between 5.1 and 1.1 in the first two waves of the pandemic and remained below 2 afterwards, indicating an adequate test strategy and notification system in Germany

    DiffĂ©rences selon le sexe dans l’ñge d’apparition, la symptomatologie et l’évolution de la schizophrĂ©nie

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    Les diffĂ©rences selon le sexe dans l'Ăąge d'apparition, la symptomatologie et l'Ă©volution de la schizophrĂ©nie sont examinĂ©es par une analyse de cas dĂ»ment enregistrĂ©s et par une enquĂȘte directe Ă  partir d'un Ă©chantillon reprĂ©sentatif de patients hospitalisĂ©s pour la premiĂšre fois. La dĂ©couverte centrale que les hommes deviennent schizophrĂšnes Ă  un Ăąge plus prĂ©coce que les femmes se confirme aprĂšs avoir Ă©cartĂ© d'autres interprĂ©tations dues Ă  des distorsions d'Ă©chantillonnage, Ă  des diffĂ©rences d'intervalle entre l'apparition effective de la maladie et la premiĂšre admission Ă  l'hĂŽpital, Ă  des diffĂ©rences par sexe dans le dĂ©veloppement des symptĂŽmes ou Ă  d'autres facteurs confondants. Si l'on cherche les causes de ces diffĂ©rences entre hommes et femmes, il semble que les perturbations du dĂ©but du dĂ©veloppement social doivent ĂȘtre comprises alors comme les consĂ©quences d'une schizophrĂ©nie dĂ©butante plutĂŽt que comme ses conditions d'apparition. Il en ressort le besoin de modĂšles expliI catifs qui permettent de tester empiriquement les hypothĂšses sur le dĂ©veloppement spĂ©cifique de la schizophrĂ©nie dans l'un et l'autre sexe.Gender differences in age at onset, symptomatology and course of schizophrenia are examined by analyzing case register data and by direct investigation of a representative sample of first-admitted patients. The main finding that males fall ill at an earlier age than females can be confirmed even after ruling out other interpretations due to sample bias, different time span between real onset and first hospital admission, gender differences in symptom development or other confounding factors. When looking for causes of these gender differences it seems that disturbances in early social development must be understood as a consequence of beginning schizophrenia rather than a prerequisite. The need for explanatory models is stressed that allow for the empirical testing of hypotheses concerning gender specific development of schizophrenia

    Erfahrungen der lokalen Gesundheitsbehörden in Deutschland mit dem Krisenmanagement wĂ€hrend der COVID-19-Pandemie in den Jahren 2020 – 2022

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    WĂ€hrend der COVID-19-Pandemie waren in Deutschland die Einrichtungen und Behörden des Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (ÖGD) u. a. fĂŒr die Umsetzung der „Containment-Strategie“, also der InfektionseindĂ€mmung zustĂ€ndig. Umfassende Aufgaben bei der praktischen PandemiebewĂ€ltigung (z. B. durch das Fall- und Kontaktpersonenmanagement) kamen vor allem den Gesundheitsbehörden auf der Lokalebene zu. Im Epidemiologischen Bulletin 32/2023 werden die Ergebnisse einer retrospektiven Online-Befragung vorgestellt, in der die ErfahrunÂŹgen der lokalen Gesundheitsbehörden mit dem Krisenmanagement wĂ€hrend der COVID-19-Pandemie in den Jahren 2020 – 2022 erfasst wurden. Abgefragte Themenkomplexe waren z. B. die Krisenplanung vor der Pandemie, genutzte Strukturen und Ressourcen in der KrisenbewĂ€ltigung sowie Bedarfe bei der Kommunikation mit der Bundes- und Landesebene. Die durchgefĂŒhrte Studie kommt zu dem Schluss, dass eine umfassende StĂ€rkung des ÖGD erforderlich ist, um besser auf die BewĂ€ltigung zukĂŒnftiger Krisensituationen vorbereitet zu sein.Peer Reviewe

    Synchronization in a neuronal feedback loop through asymmetric temporal delays

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    We consider the effect of asymmetric temporal delays in a system of two coupled Hopfield neurons. For couplings of opposite signs, a limit cycle emerges via a supercritical Hopf bifurcation when the sum of the delays reaches a critical value. We show that the angular frequency of the limit cycle is independent of an asymmetry in the delays. However, the delay asymmetry determines the phase difference between the periodic activities of the two components. Specifically, when the connection with negative coupling has a delay much larger than the delay for the positive coupling, the system approaches in-phase synchrony between the two components. Employing variational perturbation theory (VPT), we achieve an approximate analytical evaluation of the phase shift, in good agreement with numerical results.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
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