The Implication of Supremacy of Superpowers over International Law and Human Rights Treaties

The imbalance in the international balance of power and the unipolar world has affected the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and has affected the application of international law with respect to the issue of settlement. The mechanisms of applying international law are no longer viable in exchange for the dominance of some states. The United States of America, as a super power in the United Nations (UN) bodies, affects all the resolutions against Israeli settlements. This is a result of the strong relationship between America and Israel. Therefore, America uses its power to achieve Israel’s interests even if this violates the international laws. Although the establishment of the settlements is contrary to the international laws (the Hague Convention, the Geneva Accord, the Rome statues), there is ongoing expansion of settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. This study focused on how the role of United States of America, as a super power in the (UN) bodies, affects all the resolutions against Israeli settlements, depending on the American Israeli relationship. This relationship affects other United States interests in the Middle East. It sheds light on the nature of this relationship and explains the interference of mutual interest for both countries. Although there are no mechanisms for applying international laws, the peaceful popular resistance and the mobilization of public opinion and international public opinion are the best way to demand the rights of Palestinians. This forms a great support for the Palestinian cause, through pressure on states and UN bodies to take serious measures and create a more suitable environment for peace. Therefore, the continuation of work in international forums and bringing more decisions in favor of the Palestinian cause, even if not implemented, will constitute a pressure on countries and America to take action on Palestinian issues and establish an independent state on the 1967 borders, and work to end the Israeli settlement

Prevalence of Depression and Its Associated Risk Factors among Young Adult Patients Attending the Primary Health Centers in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

BACKGROUND: The number of young depressive patients approaching the primary health care centres in Saudi Arabia for supportive care and treatment has enormously increased, but more cases of depression are not being diagnosed properly at the primary health care level. AIM: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression among young adult patients attending the primary health centres in Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done in selected primary health care centres in Tabuk city from March 2018 to June 2018. Patient Health Questionnaire- PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 and a modified questionnaire were used to collect the necessary information and data were analysed by using SPSS (Version 25.0, SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: The study included 384 patients aged between 20 and 40 years. Most of them (76.6%) were females. The prevalence of depression was 74%; mild among 37.8%, moderate among 20.8% whereas moderately severe to severe among 15.4% of them. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that married patients were at lower risk for depression (Adjusted odds ratio “AOR†was 0.36, 95% confidence interval “CI†was 0.20-0.93), p < 0.001. Patients who reported a lack of social support were more likely to be depressed than those with social support (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.03-4.07), p = 0.041. Patients who reported disturbed marriage were at almost four-folded risk of depression compared to those without disturbed marriage (AOR = 3.50, 95% CI = 1.23-9.98), p = 0.019. Patients with financial problems were at almost double risk for developing depression compared to those without financial problems (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.16-4.85), p = 0.019. Those with stressful experience were significantly more likely to have depression compared to those without stressful experience (AOR = 4.75, 95% CI = 2.58-8.71), p < 0.001. Opposed to patients without a family history of depression, those with such history were at higher significant risk for depression (AOR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.23-6.14), p = 0.014. Also, patients who reported sleep disorders were at nearly double folds of having depression compared to those without such disorders (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.16-4.30), p = 0.016. CONCLUSION: Depression among young adult patients (20-40 years) attending primary healthcare centres in Tabuk is very high. However, it is mostly mild to moderate in its severity. Suicidal thoughts were reported by one-tenth of the participants. Some predictors for depression among them were identified

Digital competencies and digital transformation in light of the corona pandemic: Obstacles and challenges at Northern Border University

This study aimed to determine the level of digital competencies among  faculty members and students at the Northern Border University and to identify the obstacles and challenges imposed by the Corona pandemic. A mixture of survey and qualitative approaches was adopted. The study sample consisted of (86) faculty members and (406) students. The study’s questionnaire is to measure digital efficiency at the Northern Border University consisting of seven dimensions of (57) paragraphs, in addition to two open questions about the obstacles and challenges of digital transformation. The results showed that the skills possessed by faculty members and students were of a high degree, and also showed a lack of statistically significant differences in the average digital competencies of university students, whereas there are statistically significant differences due to the impact of the achievement level in favor of the achievement level “excellent” versus “good”. The obstacles to digital transformation were concentrated in four main axes: infrastructure, the lack of interest in digital transformation, resistance to change, and the lack of appropriate competencies for digital transformation. The challenges facing digital transformation were summarized in four main axes: providing infrastructure, developing the quality of communication between the educational process participants, controlling the quality of educational outputs, and raising the digital efficiency of the educational process

The rules of tort liability as a basis for the product's manufacturer Liability.

The subject of this research revolves around the rules of tort liability as a basis for the manufacturer’s Liability which is one of the topics that hardly any person can disregard, whether a manufacturer or a consumer, because people need to deal with the goods in their lives as it is a necessity of life. Accordingly, there must be a legislation that protects the consumer from the manufacturer in case of defect in the goods which is caused by the producer divertive behavior of what is considered proper or is a breach of the general legal obligation of not harming others. Keywords: tort liability , the product ,consumer ,goods , detriment the consumers

The Legal responsibility of the lessor about hidden defects in the leased premises at the Jordanian Civil law - A comparative Study

The subject of this research revolves around the existence of the hidden defect in the wage and the penalty resulting from the Jordanian civil law, which is one of the most relevant subjects in our lives, where there is a lot of dealing between members of society, owners or tenants. The Jordanian legislator did not stipulate that the tenant should oblige the lessor to repair the defect by removing it or replacing the defective wage with the proper wage,   The Jordanian legislator does not differentiate between the lessor who knows the effect and the lessor who is not aware of it, and its effects on the amount of compensation for damage caused by the hidden defect in the rental. The criterion is that if the lessor is aware of the defect or not, and  the lessee is entitled to compensation for the damage caused by the defect In the leased and the amount of compensation includes all that the lessee's right of loss only. Also, the lessor who is aware of a defect informs the lessee that there is a defect at the time of signing the contract is not asked to compensate for the defects existing at the time of the lease , through the research, I reached to important results for the society as awhole,  so as to quarantee the rights of  tenants, especially that the Jordanian laws did not explicitly provide these solutions, which requires us to address the position of jurisprudence and the judiciary on this issue.       Therefore, this research is divided into three section, section one: specific performance. section two: cancelling the lease or the reduction of rent.section three: compensation. Keywords : hidden defect. Owner and tenants. Lessee  obligation. Jordanian civil  law

Collaborating Beyond Borders: The Role of Social Ties in International Eco-Innovation Partnerships

We examine the impact of international social ties on international eco-innovation partnerships. Promoting eco-innovation partnerships or collaboration is crucial for environmental sustainability, which has been a global, pressing concern in the last decade due to the detrimental effects of global warming, climate change, and greenhouse gas emissions. This type of collaboration can be facilitated and enhanced by international knowledge spillovers through interpersonal networks. While previous studies explore the role of inter-organizational collaborative networks on different innovation outcomes at a regional level, there is a research gap regarding the impact of social ties across countries on international collaboration, especially within the context of eco-innovation partnerships. Our findings suggest that more socially connected countries are more likely to partner in eco-innovation activities. Our study advances our understanding of the role of social ties in facilitating collaborative eco-innovation efforts and expands the knowledge on cross-regional interpersonal networks and their implications for socio-economic outcomes

Get a Word in Edgewise: Post Character Limit and Social Media-Based Customer Service

In this paper, we study the role of extending character limits on firm responses on social media. By leveraging a natural experiment setting: the unexpected increase in post character limit on Twitter, we empirically investigate the impact on the linguistic styles of social media-based customer service responses. Using a Regression Discontinuity in Time Design and leveraging a panel dataset, our results suggest that extending character limits influences firm to change the linguistic styles in their responses which could influence consumers' perceptions. Our results show that extending post-character limits significantly reduces the readability ease of firm responses, on average, while increasing the concreteness and personal closeness scores of these responses, on average. We show that these changes were effective in influencing customer satisfaction

Barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of a positive patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia from multiple perspectives (healthcare professionals and patients/families)

Background: Concern over patient safety has been a serious healthcare issue and an international priority facing healthcare organisations globally. The risk of harm and unsafe practice in healthcare organisations has received great attention from both healthcare providers and patients. Patient safety culture has been acknowledged as a crucial element of healthcare organisations as it prevents patient harm and maintains safe, high-quality healthcare. Therefore, investigating the patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia is central to understanding the factors that contribute to patient safety from a broad perspective (healthcare professionals and patients/families). Understanding the safety culture in healthcare organisations may enable a robust and successful implementation of safe practice during medical care. Moreover, patient participation in patient safety is growing internationally, and is regarded in many healthcare systems globally as beneficial in raising awareness of adverse events and monitoring, and detecting any mistakes that were made during patients’ own care. It is evident that in the patient safety literature, patients act as vigilant monitors over safety issues including use of medication, falls prevention, and infection control at the hospital so that they can ensure their own safety. Therefore, it is worth exploring patient perspectives and experiences of safety culture along with healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia, where patient perspectives and experiences are unknown. Study aim: The aim of this thesis is to obtain an understanding of the status of patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia, and the barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of a positive patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia from multiple perspectives (healthcare professionals and patients/families). Study objectives: To identify the factors contributing to the patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia; To explore healthcare professionals' perceptions of the current patient safety culture in their workplace and the impact of perceived barriers and facilitators on the implementation of a positive patient safety culture; To explore the experiences and perceptions of patients and families towards patient safety culture and the impact of perceived barriers and facilitators on the implementation of a positive patient safety culture. Study design and methods: This study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed method approach to provide a comprehensive and accurate picture of patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia from multiple perspectives. Phase I utilised systematic review to identify factors contributing to patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia. Phase II utilised a cross sectional survey design using the pre-validated Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) tool with multidisciplinary healthcare professionals (n=363: RR: 30%) in three hospital sites in one Saudi Arabian city. Phase III used a qualitative approach (case study design) which gathered data from healthcare professionals (n=35) through focus groups and patients/ families (n=12) through semi-structured interviews. Convenience sampling was used with the survey participants, and purposive sampling was used with qualitative methods; both descriptive statistical analysis and thematic analysis were used in this mixed methods approach. Findings: The findings from the systematic review (Phase I) identified a variety of factors that contribute to a patient safety culture in the Saudi context, with both strengths and weaknesses being reported. The findings from the survey (Phase II) showed that patient safety culture in the three participating hospitals is weak as all the 12 dimensions of patient safety culture across the three hospitals failed to meet the HSOPSC tool for a strength criterion. The findings from the qualitative study (Phase III) revealed that both patients/family members and healthcare professionals had negative perceptions towards patient safety culture and highlighted many aspects that they believed contribute to patient safety culture. A broad range of factors were identified in Phase III that act as barriers and facilitators to patient safety culture, and these are categorised under four themes: communication, work conditions, organisational factors, and patient empowerment and centeredness. The findings of the three studies undertaken in this thesis revealed that patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia is compromised by several factors, related to different dimensions of patient safety culture including staff issues, communication, blame culture, leadership, reporting systems, work conditions, organisational factors, and person-centred care. The findings reveal that patients/family members observe tasks and activities of safety issues and actively are willing to participate in safety initiatives. They also offer the richest source of information related to safety issues as many of them witness details of individuals, organisation, and systems failures that pose a threat to patient safety. In the current research, healthcare professionals and patients both perceived that patient/family participation in patient safety initiatives can lead to positive outcomes because patients/families are able to identify factors that trigger errors and threaten patient safety. Conclusion: This study revealed that patient safety culture is significantly exposed to many aspects that could represent threats to patient safety. Excessive communication breakdown, heavy workload, blame culture, poor leadership, inappropriate working conditions, and deficits in the organisational environment remain the most described issues that hinder the implementation of a positive patient safety culture. Although the findings provide insight to the barriers and facilitators, it should be noted that the number of barriers outweigh the facilitators, indicating an obvious deficit in the status of patient safety culture in Saudi Arabia. Policy makers in the healthcare system should take these into consideration to reduce barriers and to facilitate improvements to patient safety and quality of healthcare. Moreover, consideration should be given to the factors that may help to support the implementation of a positive patient safety culture, especially establishing a blame-free culture, improving communications and leadership capacity, learning from errors and involving patient perspectives in safety initiatives. This thesis demonstrates the advantages of combining surveys with qualitative methods to study safety culture, which are useful in identifying the key factors that may hinder the implementation of a safety culture. This study concludes that understanding patient safety culture from healthcare professionals’ and patient/families’ perspectives can benefit individuals and organisations in maintaining the safe delivery of healthcare