Phytochemical, Biological, Stability And Pharmacokinetic Studies On The Extracts Of Three Varieties Of Ficus Deltoidea Jack Leaves

This study has been conducted to provide information on the standardization of extracts of Ficus deltoidea (FD) leaves. Three plant varieties namely FD var. terengganuensis, FD var. angustifolia and FD var. deltoidea were studied. The study was divided into five parts: chemical investigation, chemical profiling, biochemical profiling, stability studies and biological profiling.Five compounds have been isolated that includes three triterpenoids, β-amyrin cinnamate, β-sitosterol and friedelin and two flavonoids, vitexin and isovitexin. Identification and structural elucidation of these compounds was established through spectroscopic techniques

Isolation, structure elucidation, identification and quantitative analysis of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from the roots of Chlorophytum boriviliuanum (safed musli)

Chlorophytum borivilianum (safed musli) is a traditional herbaceous medicinal plant belonging to family Liliaceae. Its roots are being employed in folk medicine. The crude extract of C. borivilianum has been consumed due to its versatile therapeutic uses. The scientific studies related to the important pharmacological properties are widely conducted and the remarkable bioactivities of C. borivilianum are proven in literatures. So far, the isolated chemical compounds are mainly saponins. In this research, the isolation was focused on compounds other than saponins and bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate was isolated for the first time from the roots of C. borivilianum. The structure was identified based on the spectral data of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMBC, HMQC and also based on the comparison with the previous literature data. This is the first report regarding the presence of this compound in C. borivilianum as well as its genus. A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with photodiode array detection was established to identify and quantify bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate

Isolation, structure elucidation, identification and quantitative analysis of 1’-acetoxychavicol (ACA) from the roots of chlorophytum boriviliuanum (safed musli)

Chlorophytum borivilianum (safed musli) is a medicinally important plant. Its roots are being employed in folk medicine. Presently, the crude extract of C. borivilianum has been consumed for the treatment such as anti-diabetic, antiaging, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory and previous studies have been carried out to further confirm these remarkable bioactivities of C. borivilianum. In this research, 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) was isolated from the roots of C. borivilianum. The structure of ACA was elucidated based on the spectral data of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMBC, HMQC and also based on the comparison with the previous literature data. ACA was isolated in an isocratic elution that eluted with hexane and ethyl acetate in the ratio of 10:0.25. In the HPLC analysis, the separation of the crude methanol extract was completed within 20 min and the retention time of ACA in the sample was 7.31 min. The regression equation of the calibration curve was developed and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.991. This is the first report regarding the presence of ACA in C. borivilianum as well as its genus. For the first time, a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with photodiode array detection was developed for the quantitative determination and identification of ACA

Isolation, structure elucidation, identification and quantitative analysis of 1'-acetoxychavicol (ACA) from the roots of Chlorophytum boriviliuanum (safed musli)

Chlorophytum borivilianum (safed musli) is a medicinally important plant. Its roots are being employed in folk medicine. Presently, the crude extract of C. borivilianum has been consumed for the treatment such as anti-diabetic, anti-aging, anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory and previous studies have been carried out to further confirm these remarkable bioactivities of C. borivilianum. In this research, 1’-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) was isolated from the roots of C. borivilianum. The structure of ACA was elucidated based on the spectral data of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMBC, HMQC and also based on the comparison with the previous literature data. ACA was isolated in an isocratic elution that eluted with hexane and ethyl acetate in the ratio of 10:0.25. In the HPLC analysis, the separation of the crude methanol extract was completed within 20 min and the retention time of ACA in the sample was 7.31 min. The regression equation of the calibration curve was developed and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.991. This is the first report regarding the presence of ACA in C. borivilianum as well as its genus. For the first time, a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with photodiode array detection was developed for the quantitative determination and identification of ACA

Phenolic Compounds as Promising Drug Candidates in Tuberculosis Therapy

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains one of the deadliest, infectious diseases worldwide. The detrimental effects caused by the existing anti-TB drugs to TB patients and the emergence of resistance strains of M. tuberculosis has driven efforts from natural products researchers around the globe in discovering novel anti-TB drugs that are more efficacious and with less side effects. There were eleven main review publications that focused on natural products with anti-TB potentials. However, none of them specifically emphasized antimycobacterial phenolic compounds. Thus, the current review’s main objective is to highlight and summarize phenolic compounds found active against mycobacteria from 2000 to 2017. Based on the past studies in the electronic databases, the present review also focuses on several test organisms used in TB researches and their different distinct properties, a few types of in vitro TB bioassay and comparison between their strengths and drawbacks, different methods of extraction, fractionation and isolation, ways of characterizing and identifying isolated compounds and the mechanism of actions of anti-TB phenolic compounds as reported in the literature

Production of High Quality Planting Materials Through Breeding for Four Important Herbal Species

With the growing interest in these species as a source of new pharmaceutical products and the increasing demand for herbal products in Malaysia, the demand for its raw materials is also increasing. Therefore, initiatives have been taken by Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) to select and to produce high quality planting materials for future uses. To our knowledge, most of the raw materials used in producing herbal products and its development were being sourced from the wild, with little knowledge on the quality of the raw materials. In order to ensure the quality and sustainability of raw materials in the market, it is important to come out with suitable breeding strategy for the selected species. This paper highlights research by FRIM on collecting, screening, selecting and producing high quality planting materials for the four species based on their growth performance and bioactive compounds. Several research on the production of high quality planting materials for four important medicinal plants has been initiated by FRIM starting from the 11th Malaysian Plan until now. This paper discusses about four selected species namely Chromolaena odorata (kapal terbang), Andrographis paniculata (creat or green chiretta), Beackea frutescens (false ru) and Senna alata (candle bush). These species are found to have a significant benefit to the human’s health. C. odorata (kapal terbang) leaf extract are found to have relatively strong inhibition on platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor binding in vitro, indicating an anti-inflammatory activity, which is favourable for wound healing. A major bioactive compound in A. paniculata, andrographolide has shown anticancer potential in various research. Whereas, B. frutescens has a potential to be used as anti-gout remedies. Research conducted by FRIM showed that active compound in the leaves and stems of B. frutescens extract are effective in inhibiting uric acid formation and promoting uric acid secretion. Whereas for S. alata, the highest content of major flavonoid glycoside compound, kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside (K3G), has an anti-inflammatory effect detected in leaf extracts. Germplasm plots for the species were also established in FRIM for future breeding activities. The outputs derived from this study will support the herbal industries in getting quality raw materials in the future. By using high quality plants will also increase the value of pharmaceutical products in the market. It is anticipated that herbal industries and interested party will seek FRIM for high quality seeds and seedlings materials for the development of their products as well as for the establishment of commercial herbal plantation

A study on antimycobacterial activity and phytochemical constituents of Dipterocarpus sublamellatus foxw. hexane extract (DSHE)

Purpose: To investigate the antimycobacterial activity and to profile the phytochemicals of Dipterocarpus sublamellatus hexane extract (DSHE). Methodology: Using Mycobacterium smegmatis as a rapid screening model of TB strain, the bacterial cells were treated with 4-fold of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC=0.78 mg/mL) of DSHE. Significant cellular leakage of DSHE-treated cells were quantified spectrophotometrically at 280 nm. Microscopic study using FE-SEM was employed to indicate any morphological changes induced on bacterial cell shape. Phytochemical profiles of DSHE was conducted using GC-MS analysis. Results: The bacterial cells treated with 4-fold of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC=0.78 mg/mL) of DSHE rapidly inhibited the bacterial cell growth as early as 8 h of treatment. cell membrane integrity were severely interrupted and losing the vital constituents for cell survival and growth. Substantial morphological changes were induced on bacterial cell shape, supporting the interaction of DSHE with cell wall/membrane of M. smegmatis. GC-MS analysis of DSHE suggested that pyrazole and phenanthroline derivatives were among 23 major phytochemical constituents that potentially contributed to the antimycobacterial activity. Applications/Originality/Value: A further study in this direction potentially leads to the discovery of target-specific antimycobacterial agents and provides a basis that this timber species has to be conserved and managed sustainably

Analysis of L-citrulline and L-arginine in Ficus deltoidea leaf extracts by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography

BACKGROUND: Ficus deltoidea (FD) is one of the native plants widely distributed in several countries in Southeast Asia. Previous studies have shown that FD leaf possess antinociceptive, wound healing and antioxidant properties. These beneficial effects have been attributed to the presence of primary and secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, amino acids and flavonoids. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to develop a reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection that involves precolumn derivatisation with O-phthaladehyde for simultaneous analysis of two amino acids L-citrulline and L-arginine in FD leaf extracts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An isocratic elution program consisting of methanol: acetonitrile: Water at 45:45:10 v/v (solvent A) and 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.5 (solvent B) at A: B v/v ratio of 80:20 on Zorbax Eclipse C18 SB-Aq column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) were used. The flow rate was set at 1 ml/min and detection was carried out at 338 nm with 30 min separation time. RESULTS: Good linearity for L-citrulline and L-arginine was obtained in the range 0.1-1000 μg/ml at R(2) ≥ 0.998. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values for both L-citrulline and L-arginine were 1 and 5 μg/ml, respectively. The average of recoveries was in the range 94.94-101.95%, with relative standard deviation (%RSD) less than 3%. Intra- and inter-day precision was in the range 96.36-102.43% with RSD less than 2%. CONCLUSION: All validation parameters of the developed method indicate the method is reliable and efficient for simultaneous determination of L-citrulline and L-arginine for routine analysis of FD

Genotype Screening and Propagation Techniques of Three Selected Medicinal Plant Species for Production of High-Quality Planting Material

Medicinal plants are a vital source of new bioactive compounds due to their ecological biodiversity and varied chemical properties of each species. Phenotypic selection coupled with the evaluation of genotypes based on the chemical profile can be used for the development of a high-yielding variety. However, most of the raw material that has been used for commercial production of herbal products is mainly derived from wild sources, with little knowledge of the quality of genetic materials. Thus, three medicinal species, Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed), Andrographis paniculata (Creat), and Baeckea frutescens (False ru), were chosen based on their significant benefits to human health. These medicinal species have been traditionally used to treat various illnesses, and have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. This paper highlights the harvesting method and collection of accessions from natural habitats for the selection of superior genotypes. Individual plants having superior phenotypic characteristics and bioactive compounds were identified. We successfully developed appropriate propagation techniques for each species for the mass production of high-yielding planting material. The establishment of breeding activities for these medicinal plants will provide quality raw materials to support the herbal industry in increasing the value of pharmaceutical products. These efforts will also ensure the sustainable production of high-quality planting materials for the establishment of herbal plantations

Genotype Screening and Propagation Techniques of Three Selected Medicinal Plant Species for Production of High-Quality Planting Material

Medicinal plants are a vital source of new bioactive compounds due to their ecological biodiversity and varied chemical properties of each species. Phenotypic selection coupled with the evaluation of genotypes based on the chemical profile can be used for the development of a high-yielding variety. However, most of the raw material that has been used for commercial production of herbal products is mainly derived from wild sources, with little knowledge of the quality of genetic materials. Thus, three medicinal species, Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed), Andrographis paniculata (Creat), and Baeckea frutescens (False ru), were chosen based on their significant benefits to human health. These medicinal species have been traditionally used to treat various illnesses, and have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. This paper highlights the harvesting method and collection of accessions from natural habitats for the selection of superior genotypes. Individual plants having superior phenotypic characteristics and bioactive compounds were identified. We successfully developed appropriate propagation techniques for each species for the mass production of high-yielding planting material. The establishment of breeding activities for these medicinal plants will provide quality raw materials to support the herbal industry in increasing the value of pharmaceutical products. These efforts will also ensure the sustainable production of high-quality planting materials for the establishment of herbal plantations