Rapid emergence of multidrug resistant, H58-lineage Salmonella typhi in Blantyre, Malawi.

INTRODUCTION: Between 1998 and 2010, S. Typhi was an uncommon cause of bloodstream infection (BSI) in Blantyre, Malawi and it was usually susceptible to first-line antimicrobial therapy. In 2011 an increase in a multidrug resistant (MDR) strain was detected through routine bacteriological surveillance conducted at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH). METHODS: Longitudinal trends in culture-confirmed Typhoid admissions at QECH were described between 1998-2014. A retrospective review of patient cases notes was conducted, focusing on clinical presentation, prevalence of HIV and case-fatality. Isolates of S. Typhi were sequenced and the phylogeny of Typhoid in Blantyre was reconstructed and placed in a global context. RESULTS: Between 1998-2010, there were a mean of 14 microbiological diagnoses of Typhoid/year at QECH, of which 6.8% were MDR. This increased to 67 in 2011 and 782 in 2014 at which time 97% were MDR. The disease predominantly affected children and young adults (median age 11 [IQR 6-21] in 2014). The prevalence of HIV in adult patients was 16.7% [8/48], similar to that of the general population (17.8%). Overall, the case fatality rate was 2.5% (3/94). Complications included anaemia, myocarditis, pneumonia and intestinal perforation. 112 isolates were sequenced and the phylogeny demonstrated the introduction and clonal expansion of the H58 lineage of S. Typhi. CONCLUSIONS: Since 2011, there has been a rapid increase in the incidence of multidrug resistant, H58-lineage Typhoid in Blantyre. This is one of a number of reports of the re-emergence of Typhoid in Southern and Eastern Africa. There is an urgent need to understand the reservoirs and transmission of disease and how to arrest this regional increase

Monthly trends in bloodstream invasive <i>Salmonella</i> diagnosed at QECH from November 2010-October 2014.

<p>Monthly trends in bloodstream invasive <i>Salmonella</i> diagnosed at QECH from November 2010-October 2014.</p

Temporal trends in <i>S</i>. Typhi isolation and antimicrobial resistance at QECH, Blantyre 1998–2013.

<p>*MDR: Multidrug resistant to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole</p><p>Temporal trends in <i>S</i>. Typhi isolation and antimicrobial resistance at QECH, Blantyre 1998–2013.</p

Maximum-likelihood tree of 112 isolates of <i>S</i>.Typhi from Malawi, placed in the context of 24 isolates representative of the global diversity of <i>S</i>. Typhi and highlighting the previous diversity of Typhi isolates and the recent clonal expansion of the H58 haplotype.

<p>The left column depicts lineage, the right column depicts time category. Scale bar reveals indicates substitutions/variable site.</p

Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns (n,%) of different clades.

<p>^† Susceptible to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone.</p><p>*MDR: Multidrug resistant to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole</p><p>Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns (n,%) of different clades.</p

Proportion of sequenced <i>S</i>.Typhi isolates from MLW collection belonging to each haplotype, the number above each bar represents the total number sequenced for each year.

<p>Proportion of sequenced <i>S</i>.Typhi isolates from MLW collection belonging to each haplotype, the number above each bar represents the total number sequenced for each year.</p

Age distribution of Typhoid in Blantyre 2011–14.

<p>2A reflects the total age distribution frequency and 2B reflects the median age each year with interquartile range.</p