ОСНОВНІ СПОСОБИ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ КЛІШЕ ПЕЧАТОК І ШТАМПІВ

The basic ways of manufacturing of the seals and stamps cliche which prints meet now on documents are considered. The seals (stamps) concern them made: 1) by an engraving directly on metal (thuspainting substance is not used, and on a paper the relief print is formed); 2) by vulcanization of rubber with use of type-setting fonts or linotype sets; 3) with use regilon and termoflon; 4) way of vulcanization of rubber from the matrixes received by milling; 5) with use of microporous rubber in the block with a stamp pillow. The resulted ways of manufacturing of the seals cliche are labour-consuming, include many stages and have not received distribution to Ukraine. Today in Ukraine the most widespread are such ways of manufacturing of the seals and stamps cliche: a photopolymeric way; a way of a laser engraving of rubber; manufacturing of the seals and stamps from microporous rubber on flesh-technology. The photopolymeric printing form receive by image copying on a layer of a material which fotopolymerize and forms the image, with the subsequent washing away not polymerizing sites. In a way of a laser engraving of rubber energy is applied to formation of relief images on a cliche powerful, is thin the focused laser beam. Manufacturing of the seals and stamps with flesh-technology use is based on reproduction of the image of a breadboard model on special microporous thermosensitive rubber at its roasting. Microporous rubber becomes impregnated with a stamp paint which by pressing a cliche through an open time is squeezed out on a paper and forms a print. Comparison of manufacturing ways of the seals and stamps cliche allows to draw a conclusion that the photopolymeric way is today the most simple, cheap, fast and accessible.Розглянуто основні способи виготовлення кліше печаток і штампів, відтиски яких зустрічаються сьогодні на документах. Особливу увагу приділено кліше, виготовленим фотополімерним способом, способом лазерного гравіювання гуми, а також печаткам і штампам із мікропористої гуми, виготовленим за флеш-технологією

The activity of matrix metalloproteinases and the concentration of their tissue inhibitors in the blood serum of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, depending on the stage of compensation of the disease

The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis on the possible reason for the decrease in the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as a consequence of the high concentration of their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in the blood serum of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Material and methods. In the experimental part of the article, we used the blood serum of patients under observation in the clinic of the Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine. According to the content of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1С) in blood serum, the patients were divided into 3 groups: at the stage of compensation (6.0–6.5 % HbA1С), at the stage of subcompensation (6.6–7.0 % HbA 1С) and decompensation (> 7.0 % HbA1С). The activity of MMPs 2 and 7 in blood serum samples was measured by a fluorimetric method using a fluorescent substrate specific for these MMPs. The concentration of TIMP-1 (inhibitor of all non-membrane-bound MMPs) and TIMP-2 (active against MMP-2 and -7) in blood serum were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Results and discussion. In patients with T2DM, the MMP-2 and -7 activities decreased, more pronouncedly at the stage of decompensation. An increase in the concentration of TIMP-1 was observed in the serum of all patients, while no significant changes in the content of TIMP-2 were found. At the stage of decompensation, a decrease in MMP activity was accompanied by a decrease in the content of insulin, C-peptide and a corresponding increase in the level of proinsulin. An inverse correlation was found between the concentrations of TIMP-1 and insulin in patients at the stage of decompensation of T2DM. It is assumed that the activity of MMP-2 and -7, in comparison with their inhibitors, forms stronger correlations with the parameters of carbohydrate metabolism

To other planets with upgraded millennial kombucha in rhythms of sustainability and health support

Humankind has entered a new era of space exploration: settlements on other planetary bodies are foreseen in the near future. Advanced technologies are being developed to support the adaptation to extraterrestrial environments and, with a view on the longer term, to support the viability of an independent economy. Biological processes will likely play a key role and lead to the production of life-support consumables, and other commodities, in a way that is cheaper and more sustainable than exclusively abiotic processes. Microbial communities could be used to sustain the crews’ health as well as for the production of consumables, for waste recycling, and for biomining. They can self-renew with little resources from Earth, be highly productive on a per-volume basis, and be highly versatile—all of which will be critical in planetary outposts. Well-de!ned, semi-open, and stress-resistant microecosystems are particularly promising. An instance of it is kombucha, known worldwide as a microbial association that produces an eponymous, widespread soft drink that could be valuable for sustaining crews’ health or as a synbiotic (i.e., probiotic and prebiotic) after a rational assemblage of de!ned probiotic bacteria and yeasts with endemic or engineered cellulose producers. Bacterial cellulose products offer a wide spectrum of possible functions, from leather-like to innovative smart materials during long-term missions and future activities in extraterrestrial settlements. Cellulose production by kombucha is zero-waste and could be linked to bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) loops. Another advantage of kombucha lies in its ability to mobilize inorganic ions from rocks, which may help feed BLSS from local resources. Besides outlining those applications and others, we discuss needs for knowledge and other obstacles, among which is the biosafety of microbial producers

The conceptual approach to the use of postbiotics based on bacterial membrane nanovesicles for prophylaxis of astronauts' health disorders

The functional fermented foods containing live microorganisms and their components are necessary for the normal functioning of the human body as normal gut microbiota needs fuel from external microbial organisms and their nanostructures — membrane vesicles (MVs), excreting outside. The сoncept that MVs may contribute to astronauts’ health probably to the same extent as their parental microbial cells do and be a temporary substitute for living microbial cells until we know more about the behavior of microbes in the space environment. The advantage of MVs is that they are not alive and cannot be changed under unfavorable conditions as microbial organisms may be. As the model, we selected MVs of a robust to environmental factors kombucha multimicrobial culture (KMC), known for its health-promoting characteristics for humans. We exposed KMC on the International Space Station in a hybrid space/Mars-like environment for an initial proof-of-concept stage. In the exposure study, KMC has survived a long-term period in harsh conditions, and the MVs generated by post-flight kombucha community members did not acquire toxicity, despite the changed membrane composition in the environment imitated conditions on the Mars surface. This observation, together with our KMC metagenomic and comparative genomic analyses of the dominant KMC bacterium Komagataeibacter oboediens, showed that the ground reference sample and spaceexposed ones were similar in topology and maintained their stability. In the next stage, we assessed the fitness, safety, and biodistribution of MVs of post-flight K. oboediens and showed that they were altered, but the modifications in membrane structure did not result in toxicity acquisition. Our proof-of-concept strategy is discussed in this review in line with the literature.The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Space Research Programme National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Space Research Program.https://spj.science.org/journal/spaceam2023BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant Patholog

Methodological Approaches to Assessing the Economic Damage Associated with the Incidence of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in the Russian Federation

The aim of the study was to develop methodological approaches to assessing the economic damage associated with the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and to calculate the economic damage by the example of an outbreak of HFRS in the Saratov region in 2019. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes the economic indicators of the Federal State Statistics Service; data on the incidence of HFRS in the Russian Federation for the period of 2019–2022. To calculate the cost of outpatient and inpatient medical care, as well as the costs associated with the medical follow-up of convalescents, the indicators of the Program of state guarantees of free provision of medical care to citizens for 2022 and for the scheduled period of 2023 and 2024 were used. The calculation of economic losses associated with the payment of temporary disability benefits was carried out according to the equation provided in the Federal Law No. 255-FZ dated December 29, 2006 (as amended on October 07, 2022). Economic losses associated with premature death at an economically active age were calculated based on the value of unproduced GDP due to lost years of life in the corresponding age group. Results and discussion. The costs of treatment, rehabilitation and payment of temporary disability benefits for 1 case of HFRS at the age of 0 to 56.5 years for the female population and from 0 to 61.5 years for the male population amount to 140 495 rubles; over the age of 56.5 years for the female population and 61.5 years for the male population – 95 412 rubles, respectively. Each fatal case of HFRS aged 0 to 16 years among the male population costs the state 38 976 231 rubles; among the female population – 34 708 331 rubles; in active working age – the value of economic damage varies depending on the age of the person who died of HFRS. The economic damage of the outbreak of HFRS in the Saratov Region (2019), taking into account the direct expenditures of the healthcare system and indirect losses of the country’s economy amounted to 441 453 432 rubles. It is of note that the structure of the main damage is dominated by indirect losses in the economy caused by the premature death of people in economically active age

Токсокароз в клинике туберкулеза

The variety of clinical manifestations and the absence of strictly specific features make tuberculosis and toxocariasis difficult to diagnose and treat. Doctors of various specialties are engaged in the diagnosis of toxocariasis, depending on which organ system is affected in a person and with whatsymptoms he turned to a medical institution.Purpose: to describe the case of detecting toxocariasis in a child who was treated in a tuberculosis hospital from a bacillary family contact with pronounced indicators of immunological tests and revealed changes during CT scan of the chest organs.A complex differential diagnostic path and constant medical supervision made it possible to establish a rather rare disease - toxocariasis in a child from family contact with a patient with tuberculosis.Conclusion. In the differential diagnostic series in patients withtuberculosis, the presence of parasitic diseases with a similar clinical and radiological picture cannot be excluded.Несмотря на широкое распространение таких заболеваний, как туберкулез и токсокароз, настороженности у врачей всех специальностей нет. Разнообразие клинических проявлений и отсутствие строго специфических черт делает эти болезни сложными для диагностики и лечения. Диагностикой токсокароза занимаются врачи различных специальностей, в зависимости от того, какая система органов поражена у человека и с какими симптомами он обратился в лечебное учреждение.Цель: описать случай выявления токсокароза у ребенка, находившегося на лечении в туберкулезном стационаре из бациллярного семейного контакта с выраженными показателями иммунологических проб и выявленными изменениями при КТ органов грудной клетки.Материалы и методы: наблюдалась девочка из семейного контакта с больным туберкулезом, у которой при обследовании были выявлены изменения в иммунологических пробах.Результаты. Сложный дифференциально диагностический путь и постоянное врачебное наблюдение позволили установить достаточно редко встречаемое заболевание — токсокароз у ребенка из семейного контакта с больным туберкулезом.Заключение. В дифференциально диагностическом ряду у больных туберкулезом нельзя исключать наличие паразитарных заболеваний, имеющих сходную клинико-рентгенологическую картину

The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia

By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization’s decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population. The Steppe ancestry in South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of people that affected both regions and that likely spread the distinctive features shared between Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages

Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia.

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene <sup>1-5</sup> . Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes-mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods-from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a 'great divide' genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 BP, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a 'Neolithic steppe' cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations