Influence of opposition team formation on physical and skill-related performance in a professional soccer team

This study examined the influence of opposition team formation on physical and skill-related performance in a professional soccer team. Performance in forty-five French League 1 matches played over three competitive seasons (2007-08, 2008-09, and 2009-10) was analysed using multi-camera computerised tracking. Players (n=21) in the reference team (using a 4-3-3/4-5-1 formation) were analysed in matches against three opposition team formations: 4-4-2 (11 games), 4-3-3/4-5-1 (16 games) and 4-2-3-1 (18 games). Performance was compared for defending and midfield units as a whole and individually across four positions: fullbacks, central-defenders and central- and wide-midfielders. Collectively, players covered a greater total distance (p<0.05) and distance in low/moderate-intensity running (0-14.3km/h) (p<0.05) in matches against a 4-2-3-1 compared to a 4-4-2 formation. Distance covered in high-intensity (14.4-19.7km/h) and very high-intensity running (≥19.8km/h) was not affected by opposition formation. In contrast, players covered more distance in total high-intensity performance (≥14.4km/h) when the reference team was in possession against a 4-4-2 compared to a 4-2-3-1 formation (p<0.05) while more distance was run at these speeds when the reference team was out of possession against a 4-2-3-1 (p<0.01) and a 4-3-3 (p<0.05) compared to a 4-4-2 formation. Players ran less distance at low/moderate intensities in the second- versus first-half of matches against all three formations (p<0.01 to p<0.05) whereas total distance and high-intensity performance was unaffected. None of the measures of physical performance across the individual playing positions were affected by opposition team formation. Skill-related performance varied according to opposition formation: players as a whole performed more passes versus a 4-4-2 than a 4-2-3-1 (p<0.01), ground and aerial duels versus a 4-2-3-1 compared to a 4-4-2 (both p<0.01); 1-touch passes versus a 4-2-3-1 compared to a 4-4-2 (p<0.01) and a 4-3-3/4-5-1 (p<0.05). The mean number of touches per possession was highest versus a 4-4-2 compared to a 4-3-3/4-5-1 (p<0.01) and a 4-2-3-1 (p<0.01). While skill-related performance across the four individual playing positions was generally unaffected by opposition team formation, mean pass length was greater in central-midfielders against a 4-4-2 compared to 4-3-3/4-5-1 (p<0.05) and 4-2-3-1 (p<0.01) formations. In general, these findings suggest that physical performance in the reference team was not greatly affected by opposition team formation. In contrast, skill-related demands varied substantially according to opponent formation and may have consequences for tactical and technical preparation and team selection policies

Filling pressures and collagen metabolism in hypertensive patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction

This study was designed to evaluate the association between circulating biomarkers of collagen metabolism and elevated left-sided filling pressures (FPs), as assessed from elevated estimated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (ePCWP), in hypertensive patients with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. Echocardiography was performed and ePCWP was calculated from the formula ePCWP=1.90+1.24(maximum early transmitral flow velocity in diastole:tissue Doppler early mitral annulus velocity). The biomarkers of collagen synthesis (carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I) and degradation (matrix metalloproteinase [MMP] 1 and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 [TIMP-1]) were analyzed by ELISA methods. Seventy-eight patients with normal FPs (ePCWP 15 mm Hg) were included. Compared with controls, the levels of the 3 biomarkers were increased in the 2 groups of patients. The MMP-1:TIMP-1 ratio, an index of MMP-1 activity, was increased in patients with normal FPs and unchanged in patients with elevated FPs. Patients with elevated FPs exhibited higher TIMP-1 levels and a lower MMP-1:TIMP-1 ratio than patients with normal FPs. ePCWP was independently associated with TIMP-1 (r=0.349; P<0.001) and the MMP-1:TIMP-1 ratio (r=-0.240; P<0.01) in all of the patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that a cutoff value of TIMP-1 of 1557 ng/mL provided 64% sensitivity and 67% specificity for predicting elevated FPs with a relative risk of 3.71 (95% CI: 1.91 to 7.22). These findings suggest that, in hypertensive patients with heart failure with normal ejection fraction and elevated FPs, collagen synthesis predominates over degradation because of a relative excess of TIMP-1. This imbalance can facilitate myocardial fibrosis, which, in turn, may contribute to the elevation of FPs in these patients

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model system for biological evaluation of the toxins produced by the red tide

La extracción, producción y procesamiento de moluscos bivalvos presenta un inconveniente para la calidad e inocuidad agroalimentaria, dado que pueden estar contaminados con toxinas marinas. El consumo de mariscos infectados causa intoxicaciones graves, lo que constituye un problema para la salud de la población. Es necesario entonces contar con un método rápido, sensible y específico para determinar su presencia. El bioensayo en ratón es el procedimiento oficial utilizado (AOAC 2012), sin embargo la polémica en torno al uso de mamíferos en ensayos, sumada a los problemas y limitaciones inherentes a su realización, han impulsado el desarrollo de otros métodos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la toxicidad de biotoxinas marinas para desarrollar un bioensayo de detección y cuantificación en moluscos bivalvos utilizando el modelo del pez cebra. Las tres toxinas (STX, AO y AD) causaron la inhibición del desarrollo de embriones del pez cebra entre las 2 y 48 horas posfertilización. Los efectos tóxicos dependieron de la dosis, y STX fue la más potente (DL50: 0,5 µg de STX / ml; 3,3 µg de AO / ml y 12 µg de AD / ml). El ensayo con peces adultos inyectados intraperitonealmente con las tres toxinas mostró resultados satisfactorios para generar un bioensayo de valoración de STX, AO, AD y sus correspondientes congéneres. La dosis letal cincuenta para las tres toxinas fue: 5,6 ng de STX/g de pez, 500 ng de AO/g de pez y 2700 ng de AD/g de pez, respectivamente, mientras que el límite de cuantificación fue de 10 ng de STX/g de pez, 1000 ng de AO/g de pez y 4000 ng de AD/g de pez, respectivamente. En conclusión, el modelo del pez cebra adulto podría ser utilizado para la valoración biológica de toxinas marinas (STX, AO y AD).The extraction, production and shellfish processing presents an inconvenience for the quality and food safety because it may be contaminated with marine toxins. The consumption of shellfish contaminated with toxins produce severe poisoning, being a problem for the human health, so it is necessary to have a rapid, sensitive and specific method to determine its presence. The mouse bioassay is the standard method (AOAC 2012), but the controversy surrounding the use of mammals in testing, associated with the problems and limitations inherent in its implementation, promotes the development of new methods. The aim of this project is to develop a bioassay for detecting marine toxins in shellfish using the zebrafish model. The three toxins (STX, AO and AD) caused the inhibition of the zebrafish embryos development between 2 and 48 hpf. Toxic effects were dose dependent and the most potent was STX (LD50: 0,5 µg STX/ml; 3,3 µg AO/ml and 12 µg AD/mL). Adult zebrafish injected i.p. with the three toxins showed satisfactory results to develop a bioassay for evaluating STX, AO, AD and their related molecules. The lethal dose 50 to three toxins was 5,6 ng STX/g of fish, 500 ng AO/g of fish and 2700 ng AD/g of fish, respectively. The limit of quantification was 10 ng STX/g of fish, 1000 ng AO/g of fish and 4000 ng AD/g of fish, respectively. In conclusion, the adult zebrafish model could be used for biological evaluation of marine toxins (STX, AO and AD).Fil: Barrio, Daniel Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Avila Maniero, Alejo Agustin. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud. Centro de Biología y Toxicología Aplicada. Laboratorio de Salud Ambiental; ArgentinaFil: Solimano, Patricio José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Piñuel, Maria Lucrecia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Boeri, Patricia. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Zubillaga, Maria Fany. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Cantoni, Gustavo E.. Provincia de Río Negro. Ministerio de Salud. Centro de Biología y Toxicología Aplicada. Laboratorio de Salud Ambiental; Argentin

New directions in corpus-based translation studies

Corpus-based translation studies has become a major paradigm and research methodology and has investigated a wide variety of topics in the last two decades. The contributions to this volume add to the range of corpus-based studies by providing examples of some less explored applications of corpus analysis methods to translation research. They show that the area keeps evolving as it constantly opens up to different frameworks and approaches, from appraisal theory to process-oriented analysis, and encompasses multiple translation settings, including (indirect) literary translation, machine(-assisted) translation and the practical work of professional legal translators. The studies included in the volume also expand the range of application of corpus applications in terms of the tools used to accomplish the research tasks outlined

New directions in corpus-based translation studies

Corpus-based translation studies has become a major paradigm and research methodology and has investigated a wide variety of topics in the last two decades. The contributions to this volume add to the range of corpus-based studies by providing examples of some less explored applications of corpus analysis methods to translation research. They show that the area keeps evolving as it constantly opens up to different frameworks and approaches, from appraisal theory to process-oriented analysis, and encompasses multiple translation settings, including (indirect) literary translation, machine(-assisted) translation and the practical work of professional legal translators. The studies included in the volume also expand the range of application of corpus applications in terms of the tools used to accomplish the research tasks outlined

New directions in corpus-based translation studies

Corpus-based translation studies has become a major paradigm and research methodology and has investigated a wide variety of topics in the last two decades. The contributions to this volume add to the range of corpus-based studies by providing examples of some less explored applications of corpus analysis methods to translation research. They show that the area keeps evolving as it constantly opens up to different frameworks and approaches, from appraisal theory to process-oriented analysis, and encompasses multiple translation settings, including (indirect) literary translation, machine(-assisted) translation and the practical work of professional legal translators. The studies included in the volume also expand the range of application of corpus applications in terms of the tools used to accomplish the research tasks outlined

New directions in corpus-based translation studies

Corpus-based translation studies has become a major paradigm and research methodology and has investigated a wide variety of topics in the last two decades. The contributions to this volume add to the range of corpus-based studies by providing examples of some less explored applications of corpus analysis methods to translation research. They show that the area keeps evolving as it constantly opens up to different frameworks and approaches, from appraisal theory to process-oriented analysis, and encompasses multiple translation settings, including (indirect) literary translation, machine(-assisted) translation and the practical work of professional legal translators. The studies included in the volume also expand the range of application of corpus applications in terms of the tools used to accomplish the research tasks outlined

New directions in corpus-based translation studies

Corpus-based translation studies has become a major paradigm and research methodology and has investigated a wide variety of topics in the last two decades. The contributions to this volume add to the range of corpus-based studies by providing examples of some less explored applications of corpus analysis methods to translation research. They show that the area keeps evolving as it constantly opens up to different frameworks and approaches, from appraisal theory to process-oriented analysis, and encompasses multiple translation settings, including (indirect) literary translation, machine(-assisted) translation and the practical work of professional legal translators. The studies included in the volume also expand the range of application of corpus applications in terms of the tools used to accomplish the research tasks outlined

New directions in corpus-based translation studies

Corpus-based translation studies has become a major paradigm and research methodology and has investigated a wide variety of topics in the last two decades. The contributions to this volume add to the range of corpus-based studies by providing examples of some less explored applications of corpus analysis methods to translation research. They show that the area keeps evolving as it constantly opens up to different frameworks and approaches, from appraisal theory to process-oriented analysis, and encompasses multiple translation settings, including (indirect) literary translation, machine(-assisted) translation and the practical work of professional legal translators. The studies included in the volume also expand the range of application of corpus applications in terms of the tools used to accomplish the research tasks outlined

New directions in corpus-based translation studies

Corpus-based translation studies has become a major paradigm and research methodology and has investigated a wide variety of topics in the last two decades. The contributions to this volume add to the range of corpus-based studies by providing examples of some less explored applications of corpus analysis methods to translation research. They show that the area keeps evolving as it constantly opens up to different frameworks and approaches, from appraisal theory to process-oriented analysis, and encompasses multiple translation settings, including (indirect) literary translation, machine(-assisted) translation and the practical work of professional legal translators. The studies included in the volume also expand the range of application of corpus applications in terms of the tools used to accomplish the research tasks outlined